A retrospective review was performed of 72 cases of cleft palate operated at the Nati-onal Medical Center from March 1985 to June, 1986. We evaluated the frequency of cardiac arrythmia and changes in the heart rates when epinephrine is used with halothane anesthesia in pediatric patients for the closure of palate. 21 children (29.2%) developed several types of ventricular dysrrhythmias and one child had ventricular fibrillation. 41 children(65.37) had increase in heart rates, and 23 children had no change after epinephrine injection. All children restored sinus rhythm after 100% oxygen inhalation lidocaine(1-1.5 mg/kg) , and demerol (0.5-1 mg/kg) were injected.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Child ; Cleft Palate* ; Epinephrine* ; Halothane* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Meperidine ; Oxygen ; Palate ; Retrospective Studies ; Ventricular Fibrillation

No abstract available.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of missing and impacted third molars in people aged 25 years and above. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample of 3,799 patients was chosen randomly from patients who visited Pusan National University Dental Hospital and had panoramic radiographs taken. The data collected included presence and impaction state, angulation, and depth of impaction of third molars, and radiographically detected lesions of third molars and adjacent second molars. RESULTS: A greater percentage of men than women retained at least one third molar. The incidence of third molars decreased with increasing age. The incidence of partially impacted third molars greatly declined after the age of 30. Vertically impacted maxillary third molars and horizontally impacted mandibular third molars were most frequent in all age groups. Among the maxillary third molars, those impacted below the cervical line of the second molar were most frequent in all age groups, and among the mandibular third molars, deeply impacted third molars were most frequent in those aged over 40. Dental caries was the most common radiographic lesion of the third molars. Mesioangularly impacted third molars showed radiographic lesions in 13 (9.5%) adjacent maxillary second molars and 117 (27.4%) mandibular second molars. CONCLUSION: The number of remaining third molars decreased and the percentage of Class C depth increased with age. Caries was the most frequent lesion in third molars. Partially impacted mesioangular third molars showed a high incidence of caries or periodontal bone loss of the adjacent second molar. Regular oral examination will be essential to keep asymptomatic third molars in good health.
Adult* ; Alveolar Bone Loss ; Dental Caries ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Molar ; Molar, Third* ; Prevalence* ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Tooth, Impacted

PURPOSE: This study investigated maxillary third molars and their relation to the maxillary sinus using panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 395 maxillary third molars in 234 patients were examined using panoramic radiographs and CBCT images. We examined the eruption level of the maxillary third molars, the available retromolar space, the angulation, the relationship to the second molars, the number of roots, and the relationship between the roots and the sinus. RESULTS: Females had a higher frequency of maxillary third molars with occlusal planes apical to the cervical line of the second molar (Level C) than males. All third molars with insufficient retromolar space were Level C. The most common angulation was vertical, followed by buccoangular. Almost all of the Level C molars were in contact with the roots of the second molar. Erupted teeth most commonly had three roots, and completely impacted teeth most commonly had one root. The superimposition of one third of the root and the sinus floor was most commonly associated with the sinus floor being located on the buccal side of the root. CONCLUSION: Eruption levels were differently distributed according to gender. A statistically significant association was found between the eruption level and the available retromolar space. When panoramic radiographs showed a superimposition of the roots and the sinus floor, expansion of the sinus to the buccal side of the root was generally observed in CBCT images.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Dental Occlusion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maxilla ; Maxillary Sinus ; Molar ; Molar, Third* ; Radiography, Panoramic* ; Tooth ; Tooth, Impacted

PURPOSE : This study compared panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for evaluating the relationship between the maxillary sinus floor and the roots of maxillary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Paired panoramic radiographs and CBCT images from 97 subjects were analysed. This analysis classified 388 maxillary molars according to their relationship to the maxillary sinus floor on panoramic radiograph and CBCT. Correlations between these two radiographic techniques were examined. RESULTS : Maxillary molar roots that were separate from the sinus floor showed the same classification in 100% of the cases when using these two imaging techniques. The corresponding percentage for such roots that were in contact with the sinus floor was 75%. When roots overlapped the maxillary sinus floor on panoramic radiographs, only 26.4% of maxillary first molars and 60.0% of second molars showed protrusion of roots into the sinus with CBCT. CONCLUSION : The results of the study suggest that roots projecting into the sinus on panoramic radiographs require a three-dimensional image in order to analyze the proximity of their apex to the sinus floor.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Floors and Floorcoverings ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Maxillary Sinus ; Molar ; Radiography, Panoramic

PURPOSE: This study investigated the developmental stages of third molars in relation to chronological age and compared third molar development according to location and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs of 2490 patients aged between 6 and 24 years was conducted, and the developmental stages of the third molars were evaluated using the modified Demirjian's classification. The mean age, standard deviation, minimal and maximal age, and percentile distributions were recorded for each stage of development. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to test the developmental differences in the third molars between the maxillary and mandibular arches and between genders. A linear regression analysis was used for assessing the correlation between the third molar development and chronological age. RESULTS: The developmental stages of the third molars were more advanced in the maxillary arch than the mandibular arch. Males reached the developmental stages earlier than females. The average age of the initial mineralization of the third molars was 8.57 years, and the average age at apex closure was 21.96 years. The mean age of crown completion was 14.52 and 15.04 years for the maxillary and the mandibular third molars, respectively. CONCLUSION: The developmental stages of the third molars clearly showed a strong correlation with age. The third molars developed earlier in the upper arch than the lower arch; further, they developed earlier in males than in females.
Classification ; Crowns ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Molar, Third* ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the prevalence of bifid mandibular condyles (BMCs) in asymptomatic and symptomatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) subjects with no traumatic history, and to assess their impact on clinical and radiographic manifestations of TMJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3,046 asymptomatic and 4,378 symptomatic patients were included in the study. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were reviewed for bifid condyles. T-tests were used to compare the frequency of BMCs when stratified by symptom, gender, and side. In BMC patients, the clinical features of pain and noise, osseous changes, and parasagittal positioning of the condyles were compared between the normally shaped condyle side and the BMC side using chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Fifteen (0.49%) asymptomatic and 22 (0.50%) symptomatic patients were found to have BMCs. Among the bilateral cases, the number of condyles were 19 (0.31%) and 25 (0.29%), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, between female and male patients, or between the right and left sides (p>0.05). Compared with the normally shaped condyle side, the BMC side showed no statistically significant differences in the distribution of pain and noise, parasagittal condylar position, or condylar osseous changes, with the exception of osteophytes. In the symptomatic group, osteophytes were found more frequently on the normally shaped condyle side than the BMC side (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: BMCs tended to be identified as an incidental finding. The presence of BMC would not lead to any TMJ symptoms or cause osseous changes.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Female ; Humans ; Incidental Findings ; Male ; Mandibular Condyle ; Noise ; Osteophyte ; Prevalence ; Temporomandibular Joint

The aquatic quality of the Naktong river after two of three months in June, 1991 with phenol spillage from a electrical factory in Kumi was investigated. The samples were collected at six sites of the Naktong river basin and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. Phenol was not detected from all water samples. Turbidity was very much increased to the down stream in the Naktong river. The BOD and COD values exceeded the 2nd grade(3 mg/l) of the Korean standard quality of Environmental Water Act at the all sampling sites of the Naktong river. Especially, the value of COD at Kaejin (12.5 mg/l) was poorly classified as to the 5th grade of water class for the environmental quality standards. Organophosphorous pesticides such as parathion, malathion, fenitrothion and diazinon were investigated but not detected. Diazinon was only detected at the Ilson bridge(1.42 ppb), Okkye stream(6.95 ppb), Waekwan bridge(0.32 ppb), Gangjung reservior(0.13 ppb), Kaejin(0.05 ppb). Of the carbamates such as carbanyl, isoprocarb and cabofuran, the carbofuran was detected all sites except tap water, and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. The content of heavy metals such ans Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg were not exceeding for drinking water standards at the all sampling region, but only mecury was detected from Okkye stream(0.018ppb) and Kaejin(0.09ppb). In the regions of Kachang and Kongsan lakes, the content of heavy metals were lower than that of reservoir of Naktong river.
Carbamates ; Carbofuran ; Diazinon ; Drinking Water ; Fenitrothion ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Korea* ; Lakes ; Malathion ; Metals, Heavy ; Parathion ; Pesticides ; Phenol* ; Rivers* ; Water ; Water Quality

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the patient- and treatment-related etiologic factors of external root resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 163 patients who had completed orthodontic treatments and taken the pre- and post-treatment panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs. The length of tooth was measured from the tooth apex to the incisal edge or cusp tip on the panoramic radiograph. Overbite and overjet were measured from the pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs. The root resorption of each tooth and the factors of malocclusion were analyzed with an analysis of variance. A paired t test was performed to compare the mean amount of root resorption between male and female, between extraction and non-extraction cases, and between surgery and non-surgery groups. Correlation coefficients were measured to assess the relationship between the amount of root resorption and the age in which the orthodontic treatment started, the degree of changes in overbite and overjet, and the duration of treatment. RESULTS: Maxillary central incisor was the most resorbed tooth, followed by the maxillary lateral incisor, the mandibular central incisor, and the mandibular lateral incisor. The history of tooth extraction was significantly associated with the root resorption. The duration of orthodontic treatment was positively correlated with the amount of root resorption. CONCLUSION: These findings show that orthodontic treatment should be carefully performed in patients who need the treatment for a long period and with a pre-treatment extraction of teeth.
Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Orthodontics ; Overbite ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Root Resorption ; Tooth ; Tooth Apex ; Tooth Extraction

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the course of the mandibular canal on panoramic radiography and the visibility of this canal on both panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of panoramic radiographs and CBCT images from 262 patients. The course of the mandibular canal, as seen in panoramic radiographs, was classified into four types: linear, elliptical, spoon-shaped, and turning curves. The visibility of this canal from the first to the third molar region was evaluated by visually determining whether the mandibular canal was clearly visible, probably visible, or invisible. The visibihlity of the canal on panoramic radiographs was compared with that on CBCT images. RESULTS: Elliptical curves were most frequently observed along the course of the mandibular canal. The percentage of clearly visible mandibular canals was the highest among the spoon-shaped curves and the lowest among the linear curves. On panoramic radiographs, invisible mandibular canals were found in 22.7% of the examined sites in the first molar region, 11.8% in the second molar region, and 1.3% in the third molar region. On CBCT cross-sectional images, the mandibular canal was invisible in 8.2% of the examined sites in the first molar region, 5.7% in the second molar region, and 0.2% in the third molar region. CONCLUSION: The visibility of this canal was lower in the first molar region than in the third molar region. The mandibular canal presented better visibility on CBCT images than on panoramic radiographs.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Humans ; Mandible ; Mandibular Nerve ; Molar ; Molar, Third ; Radiography, Panoramic