Objective: To determine the occurrence of CTX-M producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 220 cattle feces samples were collected from Bogor slaughterhouse from March to April 2015. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli was detected by disc diffusion test based on the recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2014). Bacterial strains which were confirmed as producing ESBLs were further analyzed for the presence of bla genes of the ESBL by PCR. Results: The results showed that CTX-M producing E. coli isolates were detected in 19 samples from 220 samples (8.6%). The b-lactamase genes detected were CTX-M-1 (n = 10) and CTX-M-9 (n = 9). All of the CTX-M producing E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes to at least four antibiotics. The highest incidence of an-tibiotics resistance was showed to ampicillin (100.0%), cefotaxime (100.0%), and cef-podoxime (100.0%), followed by streptomycin (84.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.7%), erythromycin (52.6%), kanamycin (26.3%), doxycycline (10.5%), and ceftazi-dime (0.0%). Conclusions: Detection of CTX-M-producing E. coli in cattle feces raises important questions as they can represent a potential risk factor to public health.

Objective: To determine the multidrug resistance extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC producing) Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 35 samples from 7 locations in slaughterhouse i.e., source of water, slaughtering floor, swab of carcass area floor, swab of evisceration area floor, untreated waste water, treated waste water, drinking water for cattle were collected from March to April 2016. Presence of ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli and susceptibility testing against 8 antimicrobial agents (penicillin G, streptomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, enro-floxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and polymyxin B) were detected by disk diffusion test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli were identified in 14.3％(5/35) of the collected samples from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates were detected in untreated waste water (n =3), slaughtering floor (n =1), and carcass area floor (n=1). Most of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates (80％) showed multidrug resistance phenotypes against at least three classes of antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was against penicillin G (100.0％) and streptomycin (100.0％), followed by gentamicin (60.0％), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60.0％), tetracycline (40.0％), ciprofloxacin (40.0％), enrofloxacin (20.0％), and polymyxin B (0.0％). Conclusions: The transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria into the environment may be a potential risk for human health.

Objective: This study analyzed the phylogenetics and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and molecularly identified the source of ARGs in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from pig farms in Banten Province, Indonesia. Methods: Forty-four antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates from fecal samples from 44 pig farms in Banten Province, Indonesia, were used as samples. The samples were categorized into 14 clusters. Sequencing was performed using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platform, with barcoding before sequencing with Nanopore Rapid sequencing gDNAbarcoding (SQK-RBK110.96) according to manufacturing procedures. ARG detection was conducted using ResFinder, and the plasmid replicon was determined using PlasmidFinder. Results: Three phylogenetic leaves of E. coli were identified in the pig farming cluster in Banten Province. The E. coli isolates exhibited potential resistance to nine classes of antibiotics. Fiftyone ARGs were identified across all isolates, with each cluster carrying a minimum of 10 ARGs. The ant(3'')-Ia and qnrS1 genes were present in all isolates. ARGs in the E. coli pig farming cluster originated mainly from plasmids, accounting for an average of 89.4%. Conclusions and Relevance: The elevated potential for MDR events, coupled with the dominance of ARGs originating from plasmids, increases the risk of ARG spread among bacterial populations in animals, humans, and the environment.

Objective To determine the multidrug resistance extended spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC producing) Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia. Methods A total of 35 samples from 7 locations in slaughterhouse i.e., source of water, slaughtering floor, swab of carcass area floor, swab of evisceration area floor, untreated waste water, treated waste water, drinking water for cattle were collected from March to April 2016. Presence of ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli and susceptibility testing against 8 antimicrobial agents (penicillin G, streptomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and polymyxin B) were detected by disk diffusion test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli were identified in 14.3% (5/35) of the collected samples from the environment of Bogor slaughterhouse. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates were detected in untreated waste water (n = 3), slaughtering floor (n = 1), and carcass area floor (n = 1). Most of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates (80%) showed multidrug resistance phenotypes against at least three classes of antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was against penicillin G (100.0%) and streptomycin (100.0%), followed by gentamicin (60.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60.0%), tetracycline (40.0%), ciprofloxacin (40.0%), enrofloxacin (20.0%), and polymyxin B (0.0%). Conclusions The transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria into the environment may be a potential risk for human health.

Objective To determine the occurrence of CTX-M producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia. Methods A total of 220 cattle feces samples were collected from Bogor slaughterhouse from March to April 2015. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli was detected by disc diffusion test based on the recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2014). Bacterial strains which were confirmed as producing ESBLs were further analyzed for the presence of bla genes of the ESBL by PCR. Results The results showed that CTX-M producing E. coli isolates were detected in 19 samples from 220 samples (8.6%). The β-lactamase genes detected were CTX-M-1 (n = 10) and CTX-M-9 (n = 9). All of the CTX-M producing E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes to at least four antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was showed to ampicillin (100.0%), cefotaxime (100.0%), and cefpodoxime (100.0%), followed by streptomycin (84.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.7%), erythromycin (52.6%), kanamycin (26.3%), doxycycline (10.5%), and ceftazidime (0.0%). Conclusions Detection of CTX-M-producing E. coli in cattle feces raises important questions as they can represent a potential risk factor to public health.