The total energy expenditure (TEE) consists of the basal energy expenditure (BEE), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and the thermic effect of food. The PAEE accounts for a significant portion of the TEE and can be changed according to individual efforts, and the difference between individuals of PAEE is large. Even for the same physical activity, there is a difference in energy expenditure between adults and children. Therefore, a physical activity classification table for youth is needed to classify the physical activity recorded in the physical activity diary prepared to evaluate children's energy expenditure. It is also necessary to calculate the physical activity level required to set the estimated energy requirement in the Dietary Reference Intakes for children and adolescents in Korea. This paper reports a physical activity classification table for Korean youth using the 2017 Youth Compendium of Physical Activities in the United States. This physical activity classification table includes 110 specific activities classified into 14 major categories by four age groups (6–9, 10–12, 13–15, and 16–18 years old) and their metabolic equivalent values. Of these, 87 physical activities were selected from the 2017 Youth Compendium reported in the United States. Nine physical activities such as washing and going to the bathroom, which are daily activities of children and adolescents not included among them, were selected from the another list (2008) of physical activities in America. The remaining 15 physical activities were selected from the research results, which measured the energy expenditure of Korean children and adolescents. Activity categories were divided into 4 areas: daily activity (A), movement (B), school work (C), exercise and sports (D).This physical activity classification table will help standardize the interpretation and scoring process of physical activity of youth in related studies and community health surveys.

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) has a beneficial effect on the prevention of arteriosclerosis in healthy adults. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between PA measured using an accelerometer and arterial stiffness in healthy Korean adults. Methods: This study involved 87 subjects (36.8% women) aged 20–64 years. PA was evaluated using an accelerometer (wGT3X-BT, ActiGraph, Florida, USA) for 7 days. Based on the results of the accelerometer measurement, subjects were classified into active and inactive groups according to the World Health Organization (WHO) PA guidelines. The brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) to assess arterial stiffness were measured by a non-invasive vascular screening device (VP-1000 Plus, Omron). Results: The average age of the study subjects was 47.7 ± 11.3 years and the WHO PA guideline achievement rate was 29.9%. There was no significant difference in arterial stiffness (baPWV and ABI) between the active and inactive groups. In females, the time spent in light PA were positively correlated with ABI (r = 0.396; p < 0.05) and the number of sedentary bouts over 50 minutes was inversely correlated with ABI (r = −0.402; p < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between PA and arterial stiffness in males. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that light PA and sedentary behavior have a positive correlation with arterial stiffness in females.

To set the estimated energy requirement (EER) in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI), we need the coefficient by physical activity stage, as determined by the physical activity level(PAL). Thus, there has been demand for a tool to calculate PAL based on the physical activity diary. This study was undertaken to develop a physical activity (PA) classification table for Koreans, using the 2011 Compendium of physical activities in the United States. The PA classification table for Koreans contains 262 codes, and values of the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) for specific activities. Of these, 243 PAs which do not have Korean specific data or information, were selected from the 2011 Compendium of PAs that originated in the United States; another 19 PAs were selected from the previous research data of Koreans. The PA classification table is codified to facilitate the selection of energy values corresponding to each PA. The code for each PA consists of a single letter alphabet (activity category) and four numeric codes that display the activity type (2 digit number), activity intensity (1 digit number), and specific activities (1 digit number). In addition, the intensity (sedentary behavior, low, middle and high) of specific PA and its rate of energy expenditure in MET are presented together. The activity categories are divided into 4 areas: Daily Activity (A), Movement (B), Occupation (C), and Exercise and Sports (D). The developed PA classification table can be applied to quantify the energy cost of PA for adults in research or practice, and to assess energy expenditure and physical activity levels based on self-reported PA.

We report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala(E,) jeanselmei in a 66-year-old female, who showed a mild tender, 4.5x3.5cm sized, erythematous cystic mass with satellite lesions on the left forearm for 4 months. Histopathologically, suppurative granulomatous inflammation, brownish conidia in a chain and hyphae were observed. Fungal culture grew out the typical black-gray velvety colonies of E. jeanselmei after 2 weeks. The isolate grow well at 25 C, but very poorly at 37 C. No growth could be observed at 40 C. Sporulation adequate for evaluation was present on the malt extract agar. We confirmed E. jeanselmei by colony and microscopic morphology, temperature tolerance and sugar assimilation tests. The patient had been treated with itraconazole for 6 momths. Complete remission was observed.
Agar ; Aged ; Exophiala* ; Female ; Forearm ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Inflammation ; Itraconazole ; Phaeohyphomycosis* ; Spores, Fungal

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the cytologic features of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expressing pulmonary adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed the cytopathological findings of 15 cases of endobronchial ultrasound guided aspiration and a case of bronchial washing. These cases were selected based on the histomorphology of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: Cytology showed mucinous (81.3%) and hemorrhagic (50%) backgrounds. The cells were arranged in tubulopapillary or tubulocribriform patterns (93.8%), and clusters (56.3%) admixed with signet ring cell features (87.5%). The tumor cells were monotonous and uniform with vesicular nuclei and a small nucleolus. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic findings were sheets showing a tubulopapillary or tubulocribriform appearance, with vesicular nuclei and a bland chromatin pattern (p<0.001). Scattered signet ring cells were helpful in suggesting ALK-positive adenocarcinoma (p<0.001).
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Chromatin ; Lung ; Lymphoma ; Mucins ; Phosphotransferases ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

PURPOSE: Use of bipolar electocoagulation devices becomes popular in the laparoscopic surgical field. However, several studies comparing energy-based devices for use in performance of mechanical sealing and cutting techniques have reported various results. The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility and efficacy of new commercially available bipolar electocoagulation devices: EnSeal(TM) device (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, USA) by comparison with LigaSure(TM) atlas 5 mm (COVIDIEN, Boulder, CO, USA), for use in performance of coagulation and cutting techniques during performance of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. METHODS: Between June 2010 and February 2011, 50 consecutive patients who underwent curative laparoscopic surgery for right colon cancer or rectal cancer were enrolled. Time and number of device activations were compared during omentectomy in cases of right colectomy and mesorectal trimming procedure in cases of anterior resection. Pathologic data and short-term clinical outcomes were also compared. RESULTS: No significant differences in terms of clinicopathologic comparison were observed between the EnSeal and LigaSure groups. No significant difference in mean operative time (207.6+/-45.3 vs. 198.9+/-57.2; p=0.558), mean time of omentectomy (11.0+/-4.5 vs. 12.6+/-8.6; p=0.293), mean time of m esorectal trimming (18.6+/-10.0 vs. 16.1+/-6.9; p=0.418), mean number of device activations during omentectomy (43.5+/-10.2 vs. 51.6+/-39.2; p=0.586), and mean number of device activations during performance of mesorectal trimming (44.8+/-22.3 vs. 49.1+/-23.7; p=0.597) were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Bipolar electocoagulation devices were adapted for use in laparoscopic surgery, resulting in reduced operative time and blood loss. EnSeal(TM) Device and LigaSure(TM) atlas 5 mm were useful during performance of sealing and cutting techniques in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery.
Colectomy ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Operative Time ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Surgical Instruments

On July 6, 2009, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among middle school students in Incheon. An investigation to identify the source and describe the extent of the outbreak was conducted. A retrospective cohort study among students, teachers, and food handlers exposed to canteen food in the middle school was performed. Using self-administered questionnaires, information was collected concerning on symptoms, days that canteen food was consumed, and food items consumed. Stool samples were collected from 66 patients and 11 food handlers. The catering kitchen was inspected and food samples were taken. Of the 791 people who ate canteen food, 92 cases became ill, representing an attack rate of 11.6%. Thirty-one (40.3%) of the 77 stool specimens were positive for Campylobacter jejuni. Interviews with kitchen staff indicated the likelihood that undercooked chicken was provided. This is the first recognized major C. jejuni outbreak associated with contaminated chicken documented in Korea.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Campylobacter Infections/*epidemiology ; *Campylobacter jejuni ; Chickens ; Cohort Studies ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Water Microbiology

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disease characterized by widespread destructive inflammatory lesions, involving cartilaginous tissue throughout the body. Commonly involved organs include the external ear, nose, joints, eyes, tracheobronchial tree, cardiovascular system and cutaneous tissues. Erythema nodosum or mesenteric panniculitis have sometimes been described in association with relapsing polychondritis, but cutaneous panniculitis is rarely reported in relapsing polychondritis. We report here a relapsing polychondritis patient who developed cutaneous panniculitis, which was resolved by corticosteroid therapy.
Cardiovascular System ; Ear, External ; Erythema Nodosum ; Humans ; Joints ; Nose ; Panniculitis* ; Panniculitis, Peritoneal ; Polychondritis, Relapsing* ; Rare Diseases

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease in children. However, Langerhans cell histiocytosis encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and mimics other conditions. A 1-year-old boy presented with signs of periorbital cellulitis that initially responded to antibiotics, but remained as a same-sized mass with serial orbital computed tomography. The lesion was partially excised. Histopathology and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. This case demonstrates that in patients with periorbital cellulitis which has relapsed or responded inadequately to antibiotics, further investigation should initiated to rule out other inflammatory causes.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cellulitis ; Child ; Histiocytosis ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell ; Humans ; Orbit ; Orbital Cellulitis ; Rare Diseases