PURPOSE: This study examined the relationships among menopausal symptom, self-efficacy, health promoting behaviors, and investigated factors affecting health promoting behaviors of teachers with middle-aged women experiencing menopause. METHODS: From September to October 2012, a convenience sample of 252 subjects aged 40 to 60 years was recruited from 8 elementary schools, 3 middle schools and 5 high schools. The data analysis was done by ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Menopausal symptom of subjects was slightly lower than general middle aged women and the average level of health promoting behaviors was similar to general middle aged women. Health promoting behaviors were differentiated by severity of menopausal symptom, not by menstruation state. Menopausal symptom was negatively related to health promoting behaviors. The most significant factor affecting health promoting behaviors was self efficacy (14.3%). The combination of self efficacy, menopausal symptom, and elementary school teachers accounted for 20.1% of health promoting behavior. CONCLUSION: When developing health promotion program for teachers with middle-aged women, such program should consider self-efficacy, menopausal symptom, and school type.
Aged ; Climacteric ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Health Status ; Humans ; Menopause ; Menstruation ; Middle Aged ; Self Efficacy ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.
Female* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Measles*

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma*

This study was performed to observe the therapeutic effects of interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) and gamma-globulin(gamma-globulin) in experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of immune suppressed mice. After 9 weeks, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMZ; 10-50 mg/mouse/day), mouse IFN-gamma(5 x 10(4) units/mouse/day) and mouse gamma-globulin(20 mg/mouse/day) were administered to the mice for 3 weeks by the experimental group. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by body weights, histopathologic and electron microscopic findings of the lungs, and number of P. carinii cysts by Gomori's methenamine silver stain. Body weights of the mice were significantly increased in the group of combination therapy of TMP-SMZ with IFN-gamma or gamma-globulin, and in the group of TMP-SMZ treatment (p < 0.05), however, little effect was found in the group of gamma-globulin alone. Histopathologic findings of P. carinii pneumonia were much improved in the group of combination therapy of TMP-SMZ with IFN-gamma. Treatment with either TMP-SMZ or IFN-gamma significantly reduced the number of cysts in the P. carinii pneumonia, but gamma-globulin alone was ineffective. In electron microscopic findings of P. carinii pneumonia, the number of trophozoites and cysts were reduced by treatment with either TMP-SMZ or IFN-gamma, and most of the cysts were empty or containing one or two intracystic bodies. The present results suggested, that combination therapy of TMP-SMZ with IFN-gamma had synergistic effects in treatment of P. carinii pneumonia in experimental mice.
Drug-Synergism ; Drug-Therapy,-Combination ; English-Abstract ; Gamma-Globulins-administration-and-dosage ; Interferon-Type-II-administration-and-dosage ; Mice- ; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole-Combination-administration-and-dosage ; *Gamma-Globulins-therapeutic-use ; *Interferon-Type-II-therapeutic-use ; *Pneumonia,-Pneumocystis-carinii-therapy ; Gamma-Globulins ; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole-Combination ; Interferon-Type-II

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore and understand customized home visiting nurses' experiences in telephone visiting. METHODS: Qualitative data were collected from several discussions of 4 focus groups consisting of 20 customized home visiting nurses. All interviews were recorded and transcribed according to thematic content analysis processes. RESULTS: The five main themes on customized home visiting nurses' experiences of telephone visiting were 'greeting', 'counseling', 'using strategies', 'maintaining attitude for enhancing relations' and 'enduring difficulties'. The category of 'counseling' was composed of confirming, educating, supporting, adjusting, and indicating. And, the category of 'using strategies' included complimenting, scolding, persuading, compensating, and ignoring. CONCLUSION: Developing a standardized manual on telephone visiting is needed to guide an effective counseling. In order for a customized home visiting nurse to be a good telephone counselor, training of motivational interviewing is recommended.
Counseling ; Focus Groups ; House Calls* ; Motivational Interviewing ; Nurses, Community Health ; Telephone*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Tuberculosis*

A xanthoma is a localized collection of tissue histiocytes containing lipid and is usually associated with hyperlipidemia. Tendinous and tuberous xanthomatosis have been found in association with familial hypercholesterolemia, Type III hyperlipidemia, beta-sitosterolemia and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Tendinous and tuberous xanthomatosis without hyperlipidemia have been reported very rarely. Especially tendinous xanthomatosis without hyperlipidemia have not been reported at all in korea. We are reporting a patient with tendinous and tuberous xanthomatosis accompanied by normal plasma lipids
Histiocytes ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II ; Korea ; Plasma ; Xanthomatosis ; Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous

PURPOSE: To evaluate protective mechanism of melatonin against radiation damage and its relationship with apoptosis in mouse jejunum. MATERIALS AND METHODS:' 168 mice were divided into 28 groups according to radiation dose and melatonin treatment. To analysis crypt survival, microcolony survival assay was done according to Withers an (l Elkind's method. To analysis apoptosis, TUNEL assay was done according to Labet-Moleur's method. RESULTS: Radiation protection effect of melatonin was demonstrated by crypt survival assay and its effect was stronger in high radiation dose area. Apoptosis index with 8 Gy irradiation was 18.4% in control group and 16.5% in melatonin treated group. After 18 Gy, apoptosis index was 17.2% in control group and 15.4% in melatonin treated group. Apoptosis index did not show statistically significant difference between melatonin treated group and control group. CONCLUSION: Melatonin shows clear protective effect in mouse jejunum against radiation damage but it.', protective effect seems not to be related with apoptosis protection effect.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Cell Survival* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Jejunum ; Melatonin* ; Mice* ; Radiation Protection

Urolithiasis is one of the most common urologic disease encountered in the emergency room and nearly all are associated with gross or microscopic hematuria, but sometimes without any evidence of blood in the urine. We retrospectively reviewed 149 patients who underwent intravenous urogram (IVU) among 226 patients who presented with flank pain to the Kang Nam General Hospital emergency department from January 1995 to June 1996. We then investigated the incidence and characteristics of negative hematuria (<3RBC/HPF) in patients with urinary tract stone diagnosed by IVU. 133 patients (89.3%) among the 149 patients were diagnosed as urinary stone, and the stone predictability based on hematuria positive and negative result of urinalysis was 89.8% (123/137) and 83.3% (10/12), respectively. Among the 133 urinary stone patients, 123 (92.5%) patients had positive urinalysis and 10 (7.5%) patients had negative urinalysis. The incidence of negative hematuria based on urinalysis alone was 7.5%. They were consisted of KUB positive in 10 cases (100%), upper and lower tract stone in 3 and 7 cases respectively, 5mm in average size of the stone, and severe obstruction in 8 cases (80%). The incidence of negative hematuria based on the combination of urinalysis and urine dip-stick test (UDT) was 5.3%. No statistically significant differences were observed in clinical factors of stone history, duration of pain, positive KUB, stone size and negative UDT result between negative and positive hematuria group. But we found a statistically significant difference in clinical factor of severe obstruction. The overall incidence of negative hematuria in patients with urinary stone presenting to the emergency room was relatively low (7.5% in urinalysis only, 5.3% combined with UDT), but hematuria negative group showed more significant severe obstruction rates than positive hematuria group. Moreover, there was no significant difference in stone predictability between two groups. Therefore, in patients with flank pain and hematuria negative at emergency room, IVU should carefully be proceeded by physician.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Flank Pain ; Hematuria* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinalysis ; Urinary Calculi* ; Urolithiasis ; Urologic Diseases

BACKGROUND: Histamine, released from mast cells in atheromatous plaque, has been known to cause cardiac ischemia or sudden cardiac death in atherosclerosis patient. Previous reports have suggested that histamine induced coronary vasoconstriction was due to increase in IP(3) and DAG, which induce release of Ca2+ from SR and increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile element via activation of PKC. Recently, it was reported that application of histamine cause depolarization of intestinal smooth muscle, which may contribute to histamine-induced contraction via augmenting Ca2+ influx through activation of Ca2+ channels. However, the underyling mechanism of histamine-induced depolarization and its contribution to the magnitude of coronary vasoconstriction are still uncertain. METHOD: To elucidate the underlying mechanism of Ca2+ influx change during histamine-induced vasoconstriction, we examined the effect of Ca2+ channel antagonist and PKC blocker on histamine-induced contractions, and then measured the effect of PKC antagonist on whole cell K+ current using patch clamping method in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells. RESULTS: Application of histamine induced phasic and tonic constraction of coronary rings via activation of H(1) receptors. Pretreatment of Ca2+ channel antagonist (nifedipine, 1 microM) or PKC blockers (10 nM staurosporine and 10 microM Go6976) markedly inhibited histamine-induced tonic contraction, which suggest that the magnitude of tonic contraction depend on the Ca2+ influx. Application of 4-AP, a blocker of voltage-dependent K+ channels, increased resting tone of coronary rings, and combined treatment of nifedipine blocked this 4-AP induced increase of resting tone. Application of active analoge of DAG (1,2-DiC(8)) significantly inhibited the activity of voltage-dependent K+ current in single smooth muscle cell, meanwhile the inactive analogue of DAG (1,3-DiC(8)) has no apparent effect on the activity of voltage-dependent K+ current. Furthermore, pretreatment of calphostin C (1 microM), a blocker of PKC, diminished the 1,2-DiC(8)-induced inhibition of K+ current. CONCLUSION: PKC dependent inhibition of voltage-dependent K+ current may be responsible for the maintaining of histamine-induced tonic contraction in rabbit coronary artery.
Atherosclerosis ; Constriction ; Coronary Vessels* ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Histamine ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Mast Cells ; Muscle, Smooth ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Nifedipine ; Protein Kinase C ; Staurosporine ; Vasoconstriction