Trochlear motorneurons were identified by applying horseradish peroxidase(HRP) to superior oblique muscle in cats. Ninety five to ninety seven percent of the contralateral trochlear nucleus were stained 3-5% of ipsilateral side also labelled by HRP. These findings showed that superior oblique muscle was innervated by trochlear nuclei on both side.
Animals ; Armoracia* ; Cats* ; Horseradish Peroxidase* ; Trochlear Nerve

Malignant T-cell lymphoma is an abnormal tumor of the immune system which generally involves not only the lymphatic system but also the stomach, respiratory system, skin, orbit and, occasionally, the eyelids. The authors experienced a case of eyelid malignant T-cell lymphoma with skin involvement whose characteristic symptoms are anorexia, severe weight loss and systemic lymphadenopathy. Biopsy and immunohistochemical stain to UCHL-1 are the only diagnostic methods for differentiating the diagnosis from Hodgkin's disease. The patient was treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone with a good prognosis and a 21 month-survival at present.
Anorexia ; Biopsy ; Cyclophosphamide ; Diagnosis ; Eyelids ; Hodgkin Disease ; Humans ; Immune System ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphatic System ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral* ; Orbit ; Prednisolone ; Prognosis ; Respiratory System ; Skin ; Stomach ; Vincristine ; Weight Loss

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand moxibustion for reduction of pain during menstruation. METHOD: Fifteen women were selected as subjects and data collection was conducted from September to December 2003. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Digital Infrared Thermotraphic Image (DITI) were used to measure the degree of pain and body heat. RESULT: The results showed that there was a significant reduction of pain during menstruation when hand moxibustion was performed. Also, there were significant differences in the change of body heat. These were left hands (Z=-2.805, p=.005), right hands (Z=-2.805, p=.005) and lower abdomen (Z=-2.803, p=.005). CONCLUSION: It was found that hand moxibustion decreased pain during menstruation and increased body heat. Therefore, hand moxibustion may be a good method for intervention to decrease pain during menstruation.
Abdomen ; Data Collection ; Female ; Hand* ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Menstruation* ; Moxibustion*

OBJECTIVES: he purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial factors related to burnout of social welfare officers working in Jeonnam Province.METHODS: A total of 395 social welfare officers (male 99, female 296) working in 22 areas of Jeollanam-do province, were subjects of this study. We examined socio-demographic factors, using a self-reporting questionnaire. Subjects were asked to complete the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS), to assess psychosocial factors affecting to burnout of social welfare officers.RESULTS: Among 395 subjects, 221 (55.9%) reported recent experiences of burnout. There was no significant difference in age between two groups, divided by burnout. Sex (p < 0.001), rank (p=0.003), working period (p=0.034), depression (p < 0.001) revealed differences between the burnout group and control group. Scores of PSS (p < 0.001) were higher, while the scores of GSS (p < 0.001) were lower in the burnout group, than control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR 2.840, 95%CI 1.466–5.504, p=0.002), depressive high-risk group (OR 6.824, 95%CI 2.893–16.096, p < 0.001) PSS (OR 1.247, 95%CI 1.153–1.349, p < 0.001) and GSS (OR 0.950, 95%CI 0.930–0.971, p < 0.001), were significantly associated with burnout.CONCLUSION: We found that some factors, were associated with experienced burnout in social welfare officers. Depressive symptoms were the strongest associative factor, for burnout in public servants in charge of social welfare. Sex, stress and self-efficacy also correlated with burnout, and especially self-efficacy was a protecting factor.
Depression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Logistic Models ; Psychology ; Social Welfare

Objectives: ：This study was aimed to investigate the changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) status and long-term impact of its components over a 10-year period in severe mental illness (SMI) patients in a national mental hospital. Methods: ：A total of 93 patients (schizophrenia=88, bipolar disorder=5) who met the diagnosis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) and participated in the MetS study in 2011 were included. MetS was defined by revised National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (revised NCEP-ATP-III) guidelines. Results: ：The prevalence of MetS was significantly increased from 40.9% in 2011 to 60.2% in 2020. There were significant differences in admission status and hospitalization months, compared to the groups with and without MetS. Upon reviewing the changes over a decade, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was a significant factor in the group without MetS. In the group with MetS, SBP, waist circumference, and BMI (body mass index) were significant factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that hospitalization during follow-up periods [odds ratio (OR)=0.969, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.948-0.991] and BMI (OR=1.426, 95% CI: 1.196-1.701) were significantly associated with MetS in subjects. Conclusion ：The prevalence of MetS in patients with SMI significantly increased over time. The admission status and hospitalization were also confirmed to be the significant values of MetS.

Previously, we demonstrated that the p190 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p190RhoGEF) was induced following CD40 stimulation of B cells. In this study, we examined whether p190RhoGEF and a downstream effector molecule RhoA are required for B cell differentiation. Expression of p190RhoGEF positively correlated with the expression of surface markers and transcriptional regulators that are characteristic of mature B cells with plasma cell (PC) phenotypes. Moreover, either the overexpression of p190RhoGEF or the expression of a constitutively active RhoA drove cellular differentiation toward PC phenotypes. B cell maturation was abrogated in cells that overexpressed p190RhoGEF and a dominant-negative form of RhoA simultaneously. CD40-mediated maturation events were also abrogated in cells that overexpressed either dominant-negative p190RhoGEF or RhoA. Together, these data provide evidence that p190RhoGEF signaling through RhoA in CD40-activated B cells drives the induction of the PC differentiation.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Plasma Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics/metabolism

To produce bioactive compound enriched yeast using medicinal Gugiga (Lycium chinensis Mill), several edible Saccharomyces species were cultured in Gugija extracts added yeast extract, peptone and dextrose medium (GE - YEPD medium) at 30degrees C for 24 hr, and their growth were determined. Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae K-7 and Sacchromyces cerevisiae ACTC 7904 were better than those of the other yeasts. Two yeasts were selected and then determined their some physiological functionalities after cultivated the yeasts in the GE - YEPD medium and compared those grown on YEPD medium. Antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of S. cerevisiae K-7 grown on GE - YEPD medium was about 20% higher than that grown on YEPD medium. Superoxide dismutase-like activity of S. cerevisiae ACTC 7904 was also about 12% more high. However, the other physiological functionalities were almost same or lower. Optimal addition concentration of Gugija extract was 10%, and maximally growth and ACE inhibitory activity of S. cerevisiae K-7 were shown when the strain was cultured in 10% Gugija extracts containing YEPD medium at 30degrees C for 12 hr.
Angiotensins ; Glucose ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Peptones ; Saccharomyces ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sprains and Strains ; Superoxides ; Yeasts

Background: This study aimed to identify the role of dental hygienists in exchanges between North and South Korea to lower gaps in the level of dental healthcare between the two countries by conducting a Delphi survey with specialists and identifying alternative policies regarding the utilization of dental hygienists in such exchanges. Methods: Two Delphi surveys were conducted with the participation of nine specialists, and descriptive statistical analyses including mean and standard deviation were performed on the collected data. Results Among methods of exchange and cooperation regarding oral healthcare under the current North Korean medical system, the issue considered most urgent was the “establishment of oral healthcare infrastructure.” The most important short-term strategy was identified as the “selection and formation of partnerships in the field of inter-Korean oral health exchange and cooperation.” The mid-term strategy was identified as the “establishment of cooperation in the dental industry, centered on educational cooperation projects.” The long-term strategy included “joint R&D projects, oral health surveys, and business development.” In order to determine how best to use dental hygienists during inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation, the respondents placed urgency on the “establishment of joint cooperation projects for oral health promotion and early examination and the treatment of dental diseases and planning of community research projects” and “the role of oral health education and media development for residents.” Conclusion: Cooperation is necessary regarding the preparation of oral healthcare exchanges that aim to encourage unity between North and South Korea and reduce the gaps between the North and South regarding oral health conditions. Therefore, continuous and reasonable discussions and research are needed regarding the utilization of dental hygienists in such exchanges.

Objectives: ：The authors examined the association of sleep quality and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in schizophrenic patients using actigraphy. Methods: ：A total of 101 schizophrenic patients were included in this study. Fifty-four (53.4%) patients met the criteria of MetS. Self-assessment of subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, physical activities were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), respectively. Objective sleep quality and physical activity were measured by Actigraph (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT). Results: ：Total time in bed (TIB) (p=0.032), sleep latency (SL) (p=0.001), wake after sleep onset (WASO) (p<0.001) and average awakening (p=0.015) were significantly longer in patients with MetS than those of non-MetS. Results of multiple logistic regression showed that long sleep latency (OR 7.876, 95% CI 1.519, p=0.014) and low sleep efficiency (OR 9.902, 95% CI 1.111, p=0.040) were high risk factors for MetS. Conclusion ：This was the first study to find the correlations of sleep quality and MetS in schizophrenic patients by objective sleep measurements. Although long sleep latency and low sleep efficiency were associated with MetS in patients with schizophrenia, more extensive and complicated designed studies may be needed to the association of MetS and sleep problems in schizophrenic patients.

Objectives: ：The authors examined the association of sleep quality and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in schizophrenic patients using actigraphy. Methods: ：A total of 101 schizophrenic patients were included in this study. Fifty-four (53.4%) patients met the criteria of MetS. Self-assessment of subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, physical activities were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), respectively. Objective sleep quality and physical activity were measured by Actigraph (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT). Results: ：Total time in bed (TIB) (p=0.032), sleep latency (SL) (p=0.001), wake after sleep onset (WASO) (p<0.001) and average awakening (p=0.015) were significantly longer in patients with MetS than those of non-MetS. Results of multiple logistic regression showed that long sleep latency (OR 7.876, 95% CI 1.519, p=0.014) and low sleep efficiency (OR 9.902, 95% CI 1.111, p=0.040) were high risk factors for MetS. Conclusion ：This was the first study to find the correlations of sleep quality and MetS in schizophrenic patients by objective sleep measurements. Although long sleep latency and low sleep efficiency were associated with MetS in patients with schizophrenia, more extensive and complicated designed studies may be needed to the association of MetS and sleep problems in schizophrenic patients.