No abstract available.
Human Growth Hormone* ; Humans*

Sick neonates often require periodic small volume transfusion (10mg/kg) to replace blood draw for laboratory monitoring during their hospital stay. The effect of packed red cel transfudion on the hematocrit, potassium, ionized calcium, acid base status, glucose and indirect bilirubin was investigated in 25 transfusions. Analysis of transfused blood by the age of the red cells, older red cells (more than 5 days old, 13+/-7 days) showed increased potassium (27.2+/-14.1mEq/L vs 11.3+/-4.9mEq/L), decreased bicarbonate (14.4+/-2.6mEq/L) and glucose (130+/-28mg/dl vs 203+/-93mg/dl) compared with newer red cells (less than 5 days)(p<0.05). No significant changes occured in hematocrit and pH. Inspite of these results, the transfusion of the older red cells did not affect the older red cells did not affect the serum potassium, ionized calcium, pH, bicarbonate, glucose and indirect bilirubin level in neonates. The hematocrit of infants increated significantly after transfusion from 29.6%+/-4.3% to 38.3%+/-6.1%(mean+/-SD)(P<0.05). Transfusion of older red cells seemed to be as equally effective as newer ones. The valus of hematocrit obtained immediately after transfusion does not show any differences compared to those obtained 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after transfusion. The result in the study indicate that there was no adverse effect after transfusion with packed red cell more than 5 days old and no significant difference in hematocrit observed between 0 to 24 hours following transfusion. Therfore old red cell more than 5 days can be used safely for sick neonatal transfusion and the stored donor blood can be optimzed for repeated blood transfusion.
Bilirubin ; Blood Transfusion ; Calcium ; Glucose ; Hematocrit* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Length of Stay ; Potassium ; Tissue Donors

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore nursing students' experiences of observing surgeries in the operating room. METHODS: The data were collected through written scripts of nursing students who participated in the operating room practice. Data were analyzed via qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the data: ‘preparing with the thrilled hearts toward unknown area’, ‘drawing back in front of the mirror of realities’, ‘becoming an audience at a lifesaving orchestra’, ‘reaching a tipping point of knowing’, and ‘redrawing the trajectory of dream to be a nurse. CONCLUSION: This study will prove helpful in describing their needs for systemic and emotional support. Findings indicated that major contributions of surgical observations to nursing students are more integrated understandings of nursing and the determinations of their career preferences.
Dreams ; Heart ; Humans ; Nursing ; Operating Rooms ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been reported that various inflammatory and immune reactions are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We tried to investigate whether the TNF receptor superfamilies are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Thirteen carotid atheroma specimens(frozen sections : 10 cases, paraffin section : 5 cases) were obtained from the patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy at Samsung Medical Center and one normal aortic tissue was obtained from a transplantation donor in brain death. In the carotid endarterectomy specimens and a normal aortic tissue , the expressions of R110(TR1), 139(TR2) and DR3(TR3), members of the TNF receptor superfamilies were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies. Simultaneously, we evaluated the expressions of foam cells, smooth muscle cells, T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis identified a strong expressions of foam cells and smooth muscle cells in all atheroma. But, the expression of T-lymphocytes was minimal and that of B-lymphocytes was rare. The expression of DR3(TR3) was seen in all atheroma as strongly positive. The expression of 139(TR2) was observed well in frozen sections, but not in paraffin sections. Whereas, that of R110(TR1) was observed in paraffin sections as weakly positive, but not in frozen section. The areas where the TNF receptor superfamilies were expressed correlated to the area of foam cell presence. The expression of DR3 also correlated with expression of smooth muscle cells. In normal aortic tissue, the expression of inflammatory cells or TNF receptor superfamilies was not observed except smooth muscle cells which were observed in normal artery. CONCLUSION: Foam cells and smooth muscle cells were abundantly present in atheroma. The TNF receptor superfamilies are expressed in the atheroma and the region of expression was coincident with the presence of foam cells.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; B-Lymphocytes ; Brain Death ; Endarterectomy, Carotid ; Foam Cells ; Frozen Sections ; Humans ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Paraffin ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic* ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Tissue Donors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

No abstract available.
Anemia, Aplastic* ; Hepatitis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore the experience of university students who witnessed of school violence during their formative years. METHODS: The participants in this study included 30 university students who had witnessed school violence. Analysis of the data was performed using content analysis according to Downe-Wamboldt. Data were collected from September 2015 to February 2016. RESULTS: Based on this study, there were four domains of school violence including witnessing, type of reaction, aftermath and future measures. According to the analysis, these four domains were classified into 13 variables, 32 categories and 73 significant statements. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that further research is needed to develop measures to address problems that have developed for students who have witnessed school violence.
Humans ; Violence*

This is a case report of a cystic hygroma with polycystic kidney in a fetus which was suspected by ultrasonography and was confirmed by autopsy. Recently, we have experienced this case in 25-year old woman repeatedly and we report that with a brief review of relevant literature.
Adult ; Autopsy ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases* ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The role of MRI in the detection of cholangiocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct has rarely been described. This study was attempted to ascertain characteristic MR features of cholangiocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The T1(500/30, TRs/TEs) and T2 weighted(200/80, TRs/TEs) MR images were obtained from nine patients with cholangiocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic lesions were detected in seven cases. MR features of cholangiocarcinoma were analysed according to the signal intensity and associated findings. RESULTS: The seven cases showed lower signal intensity than the surrounding normal liver parenchyma on T1 weighted image. On T2 weighted image, the tumor showed isosignal intensity and hyperintensity in four and three patients, respectively. T2 image also revealed diffusely increased signal intensity in some hepatic lobe or segment in four cases, and Intrahepatic periductal high signal intensity in one case. Other associated MR findings were intrahepatic metastasis, and intratumoral hemorrhage, each noted in a different case. CONCLUSION: T2 weighted Image appears to be effective in the detection of cholangiocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct and evaluation of its associated intrahepatic lesions.
Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Hemorrhage ; Hepatic Duct, Common* ; Humans ; Liver ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Metastasis

No abstract available.
Animals ; Brain* ; Carbon Monoxide* ; Carbon* ; Rats*

This study was performed to compare the refractive effect and visual outcome of Excimer laser radial keratotomy(RK) with those of central photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) for myopia correction. The myopic eyes were subdivided into mild(-2.75D), moderate(-3.00 ~ -5.75D) and severe(>-6.00) myopia. In 54 eyes treated with RK 3 eyes(5.6%) were mild, 26 eyes(48.1%) were moderate and 25 eyes (46.3%) were severe myopic eyes. In 518 eyes treated with central PRK 10 eyes(1.9%) were mild, 214(41.3%) were moderate and 294(56.8%) were severe myopic eyes. Mean reduction of refractive power measured with skiascope following RK and central PRK in mild, moderate and severe myopia were 1.42 +/- 0.85D and 3.19 +/- 0.84D, 2.07 +/- 1.75D and 4.66 +/- 1.90D, and 2.54 +/- 2.45D and 7.54 +/- 2.81D, respectively. Mean reduction of keratometric diopter following RK and central PRK in mild, moderate and severe myopia were 2.00 +/- 1.05D and 3.66 +/- 1.03D, 1.90 +/- 1.05D and 4.83 +/- 1.99, and 1.52 +/- 2.54D and 5.58 +/- 3.46D, repectively. Uncorrected visual acuity following RK and central PRK in mild. moderate and severe myopia were 0.73 +/- 0.19 and 0.91 +/- 0.26, 0.43 +/- 0.30 +/- and 0.79 +/- 0.24, and 0.20 +/- 0.13 and 0.66 +/- 0.28, respectively. In conclusion, refractive effect and visual outcome of central photorefractive keratectomy was better than the those of radial keratotomy for correction of myopia; especially high myopic eyes.
Keratotomy, Radial* ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Myopia* ; Photorefractive Keratectomy* ; Visual Acuity