Evidence-based papers on the treatment of some chronic tendinopathy or ligament lesions using an injection in foot and ankle disorders have been reported, but there are few reports on the treatment of acute ankle ligament injury. On the other hand, some papers have reported a faster return to play for injection therapy that combines RICE (Rest, Icing, Compression, and Elevation) treatment and rehabilitation. Injection therapy can be used as an additional treatment for ankle ligament injury. Rather than having narrow-minded thinking about these treatments, it is important to make efforts to verify the safety and precautions of treatment and recognize them as a category of normal treatment. Continuous analysis and monitoring of these treatments can satisfy patients whose needs are changing rapidly.

No abstract available.
Intervertebral Disc* ; Retrospective Studies*

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.

OBJECTS: There was a trend to perform fusion and instrumentation in spinal stenosis surgery, because of extensive decompression and instability. However, the introduction of microscope in spine operation can minimize the range of excision of anatomical structure and reduced the decompressin level in the multiple lesions and the incidence of spinal fusion. The purpose of this study were to assess the outcome of this procedure in 3 years follow up and to identify the clinical features of the patients and technical aspects of the operation that were associated with a poor outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients were identified as having had a microscopic decompression without arthrodesis, for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis over 60 years or their who had osteoporosis with Saville's index 2 or higher. The follow up period was more than 3 years. The clinical results was evaluated by Kim's criteria. RESULTS: Eleven cases were above good results in two levels involved 14 cases, 2 cases above good results in three levels involved 5 cases and 1 case above good results in four levels involved 2 cases. In the cases of affected duration, 7 cases are less than 1 year or more than 5 years each 6 cases and 2 cases were above good results by the criteria. We concluded that the long-term outcome of decompressive surgery in the elderly is good; it does not differ from that reported for younger patients . CONCLUSIONS: Selective microscopic decompression is one of the effective method for the elderly patients or patients with osteoporosis in addition to multiple stenotic lesions.
Aged ; Arthrodesis ; Decompression* ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Osteoporosis* ; Spinal Fusion ; Spinal Stenosis* ; Spine

The classification of thoracolumbar spinal injuries has been based on morphological criteria, mechanism or both. Recently Denis and Macfee insisted no the middle column of the spine but their classification is useful as a morphologic description. Especially, the classification and decision of treatment are difficult in the burst fracture. So we have applied the new classification described by Gertzbein that considers the morphologic patterns and mechanism of injury and compared with another classifications. We studied 28 cases of the thoracolumbar burst fracture who were treated and followed up at Wonkwang university hospital from May, 1988 to March, 1992. We classified burst fracture according to the three kind of classifications and CT finding. 1. The burst fracture associated with flexion-distraction injury was revealed 5 cases(about 18%). 2. In the treatment, Type A injuries requires the use of distractive and type B requires compressive forces in the correcting the deformity.
Classification ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Spinal Injuries ; Spine

No abstract available.
Animals ; Locomotion* ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord*

OBJECTIVES: It has been known that the contents of dreams change according to neuro-developmental differences in sex, progression of age and various environments, unlike the established psychoanalytic theory. To investigate the changes, we collected "most recent dream report" and analyzed the contents of dreams by using Hall/Van de Castle System. METHOD: Most recent dream reports were gathered from age 12-14 years old, 2,673 middle school students (1,544 male 1,129 female) and analyzed those reports using Hall/Van de Castle System. The data were sorted in SAS and dream SAT. RESULT: There were prominent differences between male and female middle school students in Male/Female Percentage (male/female; 56%/35%), Familiarity Percentage (57%/69%), Aggression/Friendliness Percentage (79%/65%), Befriender Percentage (50%/33%), Physical Aggression Percentage (90%/70%), Indoor Setting Percentage (40%/55%), Negative Emotion Percentage (56%/68%) and Torso/Anatomy Percentage (51%/36%). There were significant differences in Male/Female Percentage (65%/44%), Friendliness, Physical Aggression and Self Negativity Percentage in male and there were significant differences in Friendliness, Familiarity and Friends Percent in female between 1st and 2nd grade. But, it showed much similar dream patterns between 2nd and 3rd grade in both gender. In male, Aggression/Character Index with male character is significantly increased by 2nd grade (1st/ 2nd/ 3rd; 0.48/1.04/0.98), In female, Friendliness/Character Index with male character had significantly decreased by 2nd grade (0.38/0.19/0.20). CONCLUSION: There were apparent differences between age 12-14 years old male and female. Male adolescents have differences mostly in categories related with aggression, but female adolescents have differences in categories related with environment or character. It shows that developmental level of male are slower than female as of yet and male needs more active interpersonal relationship to find identity. Otherwise, the influences of passive attitude and actual circumferential environment are reflected in female's dream. There are no prominent differences among ages, but age 12-13 years old adolescents shows significant differences in interacting with the other gender. It means that circumferential environment and interpersonal relationship affect the contents of dreams and also the cognitive development related to age and sex. Afterwards, the development of dreams could be better understood through the neurocognitive study and dream analysis between other ages and nations.
Adolescent* ; Aggression ; Dreams* ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Male ; Psychoanalytic Theory ; Recognition (Psychology)

No abstract available.
Decompression* ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Spine* ; Titanium*

1. Evaluation of the Neural Injury For evaluation of neural injury from the thoracolumbar spine fracture, we should know the type and extent of injury. In case of the complete Spinal Cord Injury( SCI - Frankel classification A), they will not only lose the spinal cord function permanently distal to the injury site, but also show the probability 0~9% from Frankel A to D or E. But in case of the incomplete SCI, they will show sacral sparing and some kind of function will be recovered. The anticipation of recovery from the SCI depend on the results of neurologic examination after the spinal shock. If they have motor sparing, 86% of patients show the recovery of motor function during the first 6 month. The factor that influence to neurologic recovery are the initial kyphosis angle and canal compromising pattern, and do not influenced by treatmet methods. 2. The Factor of the Neural Injury Recovery 1) Conservative treatment in acute stage The inital pathophysiology of SCI is the mechanical injury, but secondary injury will be occur by impairment of blood supply and biochemical alteration, formation of free radial, release of glutamic acid, calcium influx, lipid peroxidation. Immediate methylprednisolone could minimize the spinal cord inury during the first 8 hours, and other GM-1 ganglioside, naloxone, TRH, spinal cord cooling, hyperbaric theraphy will be helpful. 2) Surgical treatment The factor influence the recovery of SCI (1) time interval injury to operation, (2)decompression of neural element, (3) reduction of fractured fragment. 3) Management of the Residual chronic stage Most common cause of death in SCI is urinary complication. We always should consider the improvement bladder function in SCI and the maintenance of low bladder pressure and feel free a bladder symptom.
Calcium ; Cause of Death ; Classification ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Kyphosis ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Methylprednisolone ; Naloxone ; Neurologic Examination ; Shock ; Spinal Cord ; Spine* ; Urinary Bladder