This paper describes to design and to examine the mechanical characteristics of high frequency jet ventilator. The device consists of Phase lock loop (PLL) system, solenoid valve driving control part and Air regulating system. This study is carried out by changing several factors such as endotracheal tube (E.T. tube) diameter, injector cannula diameter, 1%, and frequency (breaths/min.) having direct effects on the gas exchange as well as parameters of the entrained gas by venturi effect, so as to measure the tidal volume and minute volume. This system characteristics were as follows: 1) Frequency: 6-594 bpm 2) Inspiration time: 1-99% 3) Variance of input air pressure: 1-30 PSI
Air Pressure ; Catheters ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilators, Mechanical*

No abstract available.
Bone Development*

No abstract available.
Bone Development*

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to estimate the incidence of abnormal liver function and risk factors in male employees of an industry in Ulsan City. METHODS: Five hundreds and seventy nine male employees were selected as the study cohort and 533(92.1%) of them were followed after one year. The blood sample was collected to test for AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, total-cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and a self-administered questionnaire on life style was done. General characteristics(age, marital status, educational level), job department, exposure status for organic solvents, life style(alcohol, smoking, exercise, diet), past history of liver disease, family history of liver disease, drug intake, HBsAg, blood glucose, total-cholesterol were considered as risk factors. The result of liver function test after 1 year follow-up was treated as dependent variable. The operational definition of abnormal liver function was as follows; those who had abnormal liver functions in the two repeated tests with one month interval. RESULTS: The annual incidence of abnormal liver function was 9.6 per 100 and age-standardized incidence was 9.5. BMI, alcohol, past history of liver disease, and meat intake were significantly related to the incidence(p<0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, BMI(RR=2.70, 95% CI=1.41-5.16) and alcohol(RR=1.98, 95% CI=1.08-3.60) were proved as the significant variables. By stratified analysis considering changing pattern of alcohol and BMI, the relative risk of the BMI normal-normal and alcohol intake high-high group was 2.24(95% CI=1.09-4.62) and that of the BMI obese-obese and alcohol intake high-high group was 5.66(95% CI=2.69-11.88) compared with that of BMI normal-normal and alcohol intake low-low group. CONCLUSIONS: The age-standardized annual incidence of abnormal liver function was 9.5 per 100 in male employees. Thus, an active effort for reducing alcohol intake and controlling BMI should be done to reduce the incidence.
Blood Glucose ; Cohort Studies ; Fasting ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Life Style ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Function Tests ; Liver* ; Logistic Models ; Male* ; Marital Status ; Meat ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Solvents ; Ulsan

PURPOSE: To evaluate effect of postoperative radiotherapy on survival and local control for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety two NSCLC patients with N1or N2 involvement who were treated with postoperative radiotherapy following surgery with curative intent from May 1987 to October 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. Age of the patients was ranged from 32 to 78 years. According to TNM Stage, 35 patients had Stage II and 57 had Stage III disease. There were 49 patients with N1 involvement and 43 patients with N2 involvement. Fifty six patients were noted to have T1~2 tumors and 36 patients to have T3~4 tumors. Delivered total dose was ranged from 40 to 60 Gy. Majority of patients received 50 Gy or 50.4 Gy. Follow-up period was ranged from 9 month to 7 years with median follow-up of 26 months. RESULTS: Overall survival rates at 3 and 5 years for entire group of patients were 46% and 38%, respectively. Corresponding disease free survival rates were 44% and 36%. There was significant difference in survival between patients with Stage II and Stage III disease (50% vs 28% at 5-year). Five year survival rates for N1 and N2 patients were 52% and 20%, respectively (p<0.05). These were 40% and 34% for patients with T1~2 tumors and T3~4 tumors. There were documented local relapses in 13% of the patients. For patients with N1 and N2 Stage, local relapse rates were 8% and 18%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that postoperative radiotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer improves local control. However, influence of postoperative radiotherapy on long-term survival is less clear. More effective systemic treatment to prevent distant metastasis should be investigated in future study to improve long-term survival.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy* ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of patients ofexternal beam radiotherapy ofr carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system (EHBS) including gall bladder (GB) and extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBD) and to define the role of radiotherapy for these tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 43 patients with carcinoma of the EHBS treated with external beam radiotherapy at our institution between April, 1986 and July, 1994. Twenty three patients had GB cancers and remaining 20 patients did EHBD cancers. Of those 23 GB cancers, 2 had Stage II, 12 did Stage III and 9 did Stage IV disease, respectively. Male to female ratio was 11 to 12. Fifteen patients underwent radical surgery with curative intent and 8 patients did biopsy and bypass surgery alone. Postoperatively 16 patients were irradiated with 4500 cGy or higher doses and 4 patients with 3180 to 4140 cGy. Follow up periods ranged from 8 to 34 months. RESULTS: overall median survival time of patients with GB cancer was 11 months. Median survival time for patients with Stage III and IV disease were 14 months and 5 months, respectively. Corresponding two year survival rates were 36%(4/11) and 13%(1/8), respectively. Those who underwent surgery with curative intent showed significantly better survival at 12 months than those who underwent bypass surgery alone(67% vs 13%). None of the patients died of treatment related complications. Median survival time for entire group of 20 EHBD patients was 10 months. Median survivals of 10 Stage III and 7 Stage IV disease were 10 and 8 months, respectively. Two patients who underwent Whipple's procedure had 11 and 14 month survival and those treated with resection and drainage showed median survival of 10 month. CONCLUSION: Postoperative external beam radiotherapy for carcinoma of the extrahepatic billary system is well tolerated and might improve survival of patients. especially those with respectable lesions with microscopic or gross residual disease after surgery.
Bile Duct Neoplasms ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic* ; Biopsy ; Drainage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Humans ; Male ; Radiotherapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Urinary Bladder

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of craniospinal irradiation for patients with medulloblastoma and to define the optimal radiotherapeutic regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 43 patients with medulloblastoma who were treated with external beam craniospinal radiotherapy at our institution between May, 1984 and April, 1998. Median follow up period was 47 months with range of 18 to 86 months. Twenty seven patients were male and sixteen patients were female, a male to female ratio of 1.7 : 1. Surgery consisted of biopsy alone in 5 patients, subtotal excision in 24 patients, and gross total excision in 14 patients. All of the patients were treated with craniospinal irradiation. All of the patients except four received at least 5,000 cGy to the posterior fossa and forty patients received more than 3,000 cGy to the spinal cord. RESULTS: The overall survival rates at 5 and 7 years for entire group of patients were 67% and 56%, respectively. Corresponding disease free survival rates were 60% and 51%, respectively. The rates of disease control in the posterior fossa were 77% and 67% at 5 and 7 years. Gross total excision and subtotal excision resulted in 5 year overall survival rates of 76% and 66%, respectively. In contrast, those patients who had biopsy alone had a 5 year survival rate of only 40%. Posterior fossa was a component of failure in 11 of the 18 recurrences. Seven recurrences were isolated to the posterior fossa. Four patients had neuraxis recurrences, three had distant metastasis alone and four had multiple sites of failure, all involving the primary site. CONCLUSION: Craniospinal irradiation for patients with medulloblastoma is an effective adjuvant treatment without significant treatment related toxicities. There is room for improvement in terms of posterior fossa control, especially in biopsy alone patients. The advances in radiotherapy including hyperfractionation, stereotactic radiosurgery and 3D conformal radiotherapy would be evolved to improve the tumor control rate at primary site.
Biopsy ; Craniospinal Irradiation ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Medulloblastoma* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiosurgery ; Radiotherapy* ; Radiotherapy, Conformal ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of postoperative external beam radiotherapy for patients with low grade glioma of the brain and define the optimal radiotherapeutic regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June, 1985 and May, 1998, 72 patients with low grade gliomas were treated with postoperative radiotherapy immediately following surgery. Median age was 37 years with range of 11 to 76 years. Forty one patients were male and 31 patients were female with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Of those patients, 15 underwent biopsy alone and remaining 57 did subtotal resection. The distribution of the patients according to histologic type was as follows: astrocytomas-42 patients (58%), mixed oligodendrogliomas-19 patients (27%), oligodendrogliomas-11 patients (15%). Two patients were treated with whole brain irradiation followed by cone down boost and remaining 70 patients were treated with localized field with appropriate margin. All of the patients were treated with conventional once a day fractionation. Most of patients received total tumor dose of 5000~5500 cGy. RESULTS: The overall 5 and 7 year survival rates for entire group of 72 patients were 61% and 50%. Corresponding disease free survival rates for entire patients were 53% and 45%, respectively. The 5 and 7 year overall survival rates for astrocytomas, mixed oligodendrogliomas, and oligodendrogliomas were 48% and 45%, 76% and 56%, and 80% and 52%, respectively. Patients who underwent subtotal resection showed better survival rates than those who did biopsy alone. The overall 5 year survival rates for subtotal resection patients and biopsy alone patients were 67% and 43%, respectively. Forty six patients who were 40 years or younger survived better than 26 patients who were 41 years or older (overall survival rate at 5 years, 69% vs 45%). Although one patient was not able to complete the treatment because of neurological deterioration, there was no significant treatment related acute toxicities. CONCLUSION: Postoperative radiotherapy was safe and effective treatment for patients with low grade gliomas. However, we probably need prospective randomized trial to define optimal treatment timing and schedule for low grade gliomas and select patient group for different treatment philosophies.
Appointments and Schedules ; Astrocytoma ; Biopsy ; Brain* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Glioma* ; Humans ; Male ; Oligodendroglioma ; Philosophy ; Radiotherapy* ; Survival Rate

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Hand*