Defibrillator is the most important therapeutic for ventricular fibrillation.The preconditions for successful defibrillation include short defibrillated time,adoption of biphasic wave,appropriate electrode placement and shocked energy,as well as reasonable chest wall impedance.The defibrillation opportunity is the critical one of all factors for defibrillation.

To appraise the preventive and improvable effects of different movements on OA joints,animal models by fixing the left posterior knee joint in extention using plaster cast for 8 weeks in Newzealand rabbits were carried out. The rabbits were randomly divided into different groups, and the X-RAY、range of motion and ligament biomechanical features of the joint were observed.The results showed that proper movement improved the range of motion, restored tensile strength of the ligament around the OA joint.It is evident that movement improves the function of the OA joint and delays the OA exacerbation.The combination of active and passive movement is the best way to achieve good result.

Bone marrow stromal stem cells have been used in cartilage tissue engineering for nearly 20 years. This has been a key focus in stem cell research. This article serves to review application, progress and facing problems of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in cartilage tissue engineering by retrieving publications. With the development of molecular biology, biomaterial, computer and nano-biotechnology, tissue-engineered cartilage constructed with BMSCs as seed cells combined with biomaterial stent has a widely application perspective in repairing articular cartilage defect.

Objective To evaluate the effects of mechanical stretch preconditioning on pathological stretch-induced damage to type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells.Methods A549 cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =5 each)using a random number table:control group (Ⅰ group),pathological stretch group (Ⅱ group) and different time mechanical stretch preconditioning + pathological stretch group (group Ⅲ-Ⅵ).A549 cells were exposed to 20％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 6 h in Ⅱ group.In Ⅲ-Ⅵ groups,A549 cells were exposed to 5％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 15,30,60 and 120 min,respectively,and then exposed to 20％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 6 h.After the end of pathological stretch,the apoptosis in cells was detected using flow cytometry and was calculated.F-actin expression was determined using flow cytometry.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased,and the expression of F-actin was up-regulated in Ⅱ group.Compared with group Ⅱ,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in groups Ⅳ-Ⅵ,and the expression of F-actin was up-regulated in groups Ⅴ and Ⅵ.Conclusion Preconditioning with mechanical stretch (30-120 min) can mitigate pathological stretch-induced damage to type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells.

The biological threat is an important component of national security threats .Developed countries attach great importance to biodefense capability building .This paper analyzed the particularity of biological threats , explained the necessi-ty of biosecurity strategic research and development in China , and proposed establishing an integrated biodefense system .

Objective To explore the diagnosis reliability of the 64-slice spiral CT to the patency of coronary arterial stents after PCI .Methods From September 2009 to December 2012 ,84 patients with 132 coronary artery stents accepted 64-slice spiral CT coronary artetry imaging and coronary angiography .The patency of the stents and the vascular were assessed compared with coro-nary angiography images ,and the diagnostic sensitivity ,specificity and accuracy were analyzed and compared .Results By calculat-ed the number of patients ,the stent occlusion sensitivity and accuracy of 64-slice spiral CT coronary artetry imaging were both 100% .The stent occlusion and stenosis (>50% ) sensitivity ,false negative and positive predictive value were 96 .7% ,3 .4% and 100% .64-slice spiral CT reconstruction imaging of the stent occlusion and stenosis (>50% ) compared with coronary angiography had no statistical difference(χ2 =0 .022 ,P=0 .883) .Conclusion Compared with coronary angiography ,64-slice spiral CT coronary artetry imaging has the higher accuracy and reliability .

The important difference between post-graduate and undergraduate education is to train their reseach ability,which is very important especially to the post-graduate students of basic medicine who will be researchers.The problem in training research ability of post-graduate was studied in this paper and solution plan was put forward.

OBJECTIVE: The interrelationship between various growth factors and chondrocytic regeneration has drawn the attentions of scholars and the study on growth factors and repair of articular cartilage defects has been carried on to summarize the latest progression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in articular cartilage repair so as to provide theoretical evidence for its application in cartilage histoengineering.DATA SOURCES: The relevant papers about studies on mechanism and types of articular cartilage injury, TGF-β and interrelationship between TGF-β and articular cartilage repair were looked up on http:∥www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/PubMed from January 1995 to December 2004. The retrieval words were "TGF-β, articular cartilage" limited only in English version.The relevant papers about studies on TGF-β and articular cartilage repair were also looked up on http:∥www.zglckf. com and linked database from January 1999 to December 2004, with the retrieval words of "TGF-β, articular cartilage" limited only in English version.STUDY SELECTION: During the initial evaluation of data and after looking up the quotation of each paper, the inclusive criteria were determined as follows: the paper should be relevant with TGF-β repair of articular cartilage injury; and the exclusive criteria: repeated research and Meta analysis papers. The papers that had not been excluded applied randomized design, control and blind comparison.DATA EXTRACTION: Altogether 95 papers were collected on TGF-βand TGF-β repair of articular cartilage injury, of which, 15 papers were in conformity of inclusive criteria, 56 papers were excluded due to dated research and 24 papers were due to repeated research. Of 15 papers, 3 papers were on the mechanism and types of articular cartilage injury, 6 papers were on biological function of TGF-β and 6 papers were on TGF-βand TGF-β repair of articular cartilage injury.pact, cut, torsion and friction, which is beyond the physiological endurance of articular cartilage. Articular cartilage defects are divided into defects of partial thickness and entire layer of cartilage. The auto-repair growth factor with various functions, which is produced by either autocrine or paracrine. It starts transmitting information by integrating with lagen and stromatin by irritating osteocytes and chondrocytes to form rapidly extracellular matrix so as to promote repair of bone and cartilage injury.CONCLUSION: TGF-β plays the importance in histoengineering repair of articular cartilage injury. By bringing induction of cartilage into play,TGF-β promotes differentiation of stem cells into cartilage or enhances specific matrix synthesis of cartilage, such as collagen Ⅱ and proteoglycan. Due to the limitation of various repair methods of cartilage defects at present, being a cell factor with good cartilage induction, TGF-βwill present extensive prospects in the application of cartilage histoengineering.

BACKGROUND: To understand mechanism, biological property and morphological component of nanometer bone material and discuss present status and applied prospect.DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline database was undertaken to identify articles about mechanism, biological property and morphological component of nanometer bone material in English from January 1966 to February 2006, and the key works were novel bioactive materials and bone tissue engineering; meanwhile, Chinese relevant articles were retrieved in Chinese in Tsinghua database from January 2001 toOctober 2004, and the key words were nanometer bone and clinical application.STUDY SELECTION: Articles in disposal group and control group were retrieved firstly. Those obviously non-random and repetitive researches were excluded. Full text of the rest articles was looked up finally.DATA EXTRACTION: Tlere were 124 articles about mechanism, biological property and morphological component of nanometer bone material. Among them, 27 experiments or clinical researches were included.DATA SYNTHESIS: Nanometer bone has favorable conductibility and induction of bone; meanwhile, it is characterized by human-like grading structure and multi-well structure of rangu, favorable biocompatibility and stable biodegradation.Nanometer bone material also can be used in confluence of vertebral body, the buccal surgery fields, the gene therapy of uncompleted osteogenesis, rheumatic arthritis (RA) and malignant tumor. Nanometer bone material is tendency to perfection through improvement of technology.CONCLUSION: Nanometer bone material with many particular properties overcomes many difficulties and achieves a satisfactory effect at clinical pilot phase.

Islet transplantation is an effective method treating insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which is apt to supersede pancreas transplantation currently. Although human islet transplantation has already performed successfully, its long-term effect is still unsatisfying. Reasons causing loss of islet function is still not fully understood to date. Thus, deep research of factors influencing transplanted islet survival is of importance to improve long-term effect of islet transplantation. Patient selection and tissue matching, collection, preservation and transport of pancreatic organ, isolation and purification of islet cells, implement of islet transplantation, blood glucose control and immunosuppressive drug application during islet transplantation period, functional assessment after islet transplantation, etc. completion quality of each of these technical links is the factor influencing islet transplantation.