Humans ; AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology* ; HIV Infections

A retrospective study on 11 adult patients with HIV/AIDS in the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Tropical Disease during 1998 - 2000 has shown that average ages of patients was 26.486.68, patients with ages of 16-30 accounted for highest rate (72.5%), male patients accounted for 94.6%. HIV transmission among drug addicts was highest rate (62.2%). Rate of unemployment patients was 47.7%. The average duration of treatment within 15 days found in 73.9% of patients. The clinical feature included fever (65.8%), big nodules, cough and breathing difficulty (42.3%), weight loss (30.6%), skin and mucosal lesion (27%), diarrhea (25.2%), hepatomegaly (20.7%), throat fungus (19.8%), splenomegaly (10.8%), headache (10.8%), the opportunistic infections such as herpes zoster, dermatitis, tuberculosis.
Opportunistic Infections ; HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV Infections ; Humans

The prevalence of HIV infection is gradually increasing every year. Rhinosinusitis and complaints in relation to olfactory dysfunction are common in HIV-infected patients. These are rarely life-threatening but otolaryngologist should treat these patients aggressively, because rhinosinusitis and olfactory dysfunction can have a negative impact on the patients'quality of life. This paper covers these issues so that otolaryngologists may reasonably prevent, diagnosie, and treat persons suffering from rhinosinusitis and olfactory dysfunction related to HIV infection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Prevalence

The prevalence of HIV infection is gradually increasing every year. Rhinosinusitis and complaints in relation to olfactory dysfunction are common in HIV-infected patients. These are rarely life-threatening but otolaryngologist should treat these patients aggressively, because rhinosinusitis and olfactory dysfunction can have a negative impact on the patients'quality of life. This paper covers these issues so that otolaryngologists may reasonably prevent, diagnosie, and treat persons suffering from rhinosinusitis and olfactory dysfunction related to HIV infection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Prevalence

As of July 3, 2005, the total number of HIV-infected patients in Japan came to 11,664. However, the actual figure was estimated to be several times as large as the official number. During the previous year 1,165 HIV-positive patients were newly registered. It was the largest ever recorded in one year. There is every indication that HIV infection is spreading outward from major metropolitan areas to suburban and rural parts of the nation. By mode of transmission, heterosexual contacts account for the largest number amongst the cases documented. In recent years, homosexual transmission has increased. In view of the rapidity with which HIV infection has spread abroad, it is urgently necessary for Japan to take effective measures against the virus, because this nation has several factors favorable for the spread of HIV disease. Nevertheless, the public is yet to be provided fully with correct information about HIV infection/AIDS. To implement prophylactic programs effectively, we, health care providers, must endeavor to diffuse the knowledge of the disease. HIV-infection, if diagnosed in an early stage before it develops into AIDS, has now been reduced to a chronic illness manageable with anti-HIV drugs. Therefore, early diagnosis by means of HIV screening has become more important than ever. Consequently, the establishment of a screening system available easily is essential not only from the viewpoint of treatment but also from a prophylactic perspective because safe-sex practices are expected to be established with public understanding of the nature of HIV deepened. Healthcare professionals have still plenty of catching-up to do in terms of arresting the spread of HIV infection.
HIV Infections ; HIV ; Japan ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Cases

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinicopathological correlation between CD4(+) T lymphocyte count and superficial lymphadenopathy HIV/AIDS patients.

METHODSA total of 1066 HIV/AIDS patients were included in this study. The incidence of superficial lymphadenopathy, peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts and histological features of superficial lymphadenopathy were analyzed.

RESULTSAmong 1066 patients, 126 cases (11.8%) presented with superficial lymphadenopathy. Of the 126 cases, there were 69 cases with CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts < 100/µl and clinical diagnoses including tuberculosis (37 cases), reactive hyperplasia (8 cases), AIDS-related lymphadenopathy (18 cases), penicillium diseases (12 cases), fungal infection (5 cases) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (1 case). Twenty-six cases had CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts between 100/µl to 200/µl and clinical diagnosis including tuberculosis (12 cases), reactive hyperplasia (8 cases), AIDS-related lymphadenopathy(6 cases), penicillium disease (2 cases) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1 case). Twenty-nine cases had CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts > 200/µl and clinical diagnoses including tuberculosis (11 cases), reactive hyperplasia (12 cases), AIDS-related lymphadenopathy (3 cases), Penicillium diseases (1 case) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4 cases). The CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts among patients with tuberculosis, AIDS-related lymphadenopathy and Penicillium diseases were significantly different (χ(2) = 8.861, P = 0.012). A significant correlation between the incidence of superficial lymphadenopathy and CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts was found (χ(2) = 375.41, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONSThe most common cause of superficial lymphadenopathy in HIV/AIDS patients is tuberculosis, followed by lymph node reactive hyperplasia, AIDS-related lymphadenopathy and Penicillium disease. Low CD4(+) T lymphocyte count correlates with an increased incidence of superficial lymphadenopathy and the risk of opportunity infection. Therefore, determination of peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocyte count should become an integral marker for the early diagnosis and treatment of superficial lymphadenopathy in HIV/AIDS patients.

AIDS-Related Complex ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Child ; Female ; HIV Infections ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tuberculosis ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEAn approach for analysis of HIV quasispecies using Miseq high-throughput sequencing platform (hereinafter referred to as Miseq platform) was established and applied to contact tracing for a possible case of HIV sexual transmission.

METHODSFour plasma specimens were collected from 2 HIV infections (P1 and P2) suspected to be involved in the sexual transmission and 2 local HIV infections as controls (P3 and P4). The RNAs were extracted from the specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HIV subtyping, Miseq platform was performed to detect and sequence the HIV quasispecies (352 bp) in each specimen. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated by using the top 5, 20, 100, 500, and all quasispecies, respectively.

RESULTSThe subtypes of HIV from all 4 specimens were CRF01_AE. 23 788 to 37 397 cleaned sequences representing 1 229 to 1 412 unique HIV quasispecies were obtained from these specimens by using Miseq platform. The average genetic distance (3.5%-4.5%) between quasispecies from specimens P2 and P1 was significantly lower than that (10.3%-19.6%) between quasispecies from P2 and the controls (P3 or P4). Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that sequences from specimens P1 and P2 clustered together while sequences from P3 and P4 exhibited completely independent clusters. When the top 20 or more quasispecies from each specimen were analyzed, sequences from P1 showed a paraphyletic relationship with those from P2, which may indicated that the direction of HIV transmission was from P1 to P2.

CONCLUSIONWith the feature of convenient and economic operation, Miseq platform has high practical value in contact tracing of possible HIV transmission.

Contact Tracing ; HIV Infections ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Phylogeny

OBJECTIVETo assess the characteristics and influencing factors of HIV detection among HIV/AIDS patients in Zhejiang province.

METHODSHIV/AIDS cases information were selected from the case reporting database of HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System in Zhejiang province in 2012. HIV late diagnosed patients and early diagnosed patients were classified by first CD4(+) T cell counts (less than 200 cells/µl) and positive BED HIV-1 capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) tests result. A total of 1 894 patients were enrolled and 1 383 patients were served by BED-CEIA tests. Information including social demographics, transmission routes, test history were collected for analysis. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods was used to analyze the characteristics of HIV detection and related influence factors.

RESULTSAmong 1 894 cases, 26.4% (500/1 894) were late diagnosed and 19.2% (361/1 883) were early diagnosed. The highest rate of late diagnose (36.5%, 27/74) and lowest rate of early diagnose(3.9%, 14/74) were both in Lishui city. Age, transmission routes, HIV testing style, permanent residence were independent reasons for late diagnosed. Compared with patients < 20 years old, participants over 50 years old had higher risk of late diagnosed (OR = 2.885, P < 0.05); patients with homosexual behaviors had lower risk of late diagnosed than patients with heterosexual behaviors and other high risk behaviors(OR = 1.471 or 2.416, P < 0.05). Age, marriage status, HIV testing style, transmission routes, the detection unit, permanent residence were independent reasons for early diagnosed. The risky of early diagnosed among patients ≥ 50 years old were 0.432 times than that among patients < 20 years old (OR = 0.432, P < 0.05). Compared with unmarried participants, married patients had lower risk of early diagnosed (OR = 0.603, P < 0.05). Compared with homosexual behaviors, high risk heterosexual behaviors and other risk behavior significantly reduced the chance of early diagnosis(OR = 0.719 or 0.763, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONLate diagnoses and early diagnosis coexist among reported HIV/AIDS in Zhejiang province in 2012. The main reasons for late diagnosis of HIV infection are older age, heterosexual behaviors and other risk behavior, testing in hospital, living in other province. The main reasons for early diagnosis of HIV infection are young age, unmarried, homosexual behaviors, testing in CDC, living in Zhejiang province.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Communicable Diseases ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; HIV Infections ; diagnosis ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Marriage ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior

HIV encephalopathy usually presents with progressive dementia. However the spectrum of neurological manifestations of HIV infection is wide. A 46-year-old man presented with gait disturbance and dysarthria. He was given a neurological examination, which indicated dysarthria, cerebellar ataxia, and pyramidal tract signs. The patient's cognitive functions were intact. On serological study, HIV test was positive. Brain MRI and CSF analyses showed no evidence of tumor or other CNS infection. The patient was treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Three months after treatment, cerebellar ataxia was much improved.
AIDS Dementia Complex ; Brain ; Cerebellar Ataxia* ; Dementia ; Dysarthria ; Gait ; HIV Infections* ; HIV* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Pyramidal Tracts