2.Paediatric HIV infection
Papua New Guinea medical journal 1996;39(3):183-189
HIV infection in children is a family disease, with social, economic and medical aspects that make it one of the most challenging diseases of our time. Knowledge about the factors involved in mother-to-child transmission and the natural history of the disease is gradually increasing although there is still much to understand. As the majority of children become infected through mother-to-child transmission, perinatally acquired infection will parallel increases in heterosexual transmission and the numbers of infected women of childbearing age. Current estimates of the rate of vertical transmission range from 14% to 39% in different studies. The relative proportion of transmission occurring in utero, peripartum or postpartum may vary in different localities and remains unclear. A study recently carried out in the USA showed that zidovudine given late in pregnancy, peripartum and in the neonatal period decreases HIV transmission from 25% to 8%. The clinical presentation of HIV infection in children depends in part on exposure to different infections. In developing countries the children usually present with nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as failure to thrive, chronic diarrhoea, cough and recurrent bacterial infections. Other common presentations include generalized lymphadenopathy, oropharyngeal candidiasis, dermatitis, enlargement of parotid glands and neurological problems, including delayed development.
Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use
;
Child,
;
Disease Transmission, Infectious - statistics &
;
numerical data
;
HIV Infections - drug therapy
;
HIV Infections / transmission
3.Heterosexual risk of HIV infection in China: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chun-Peng ZANG ; Zhong-Wei JIA ; Katherine BROWN ; Kathleen Heather REILLY ; Jun-Jie WANG ; Ning WANG
Chinese Medical Journal 2011;124(12):1890-1896
BACKGROUNDHeterosexual sex has become the dominant transmission route in China. Recently studies reported high heterogeneity in heterosexual transmission risk in resource-limited countries. The aim of this study was to summarize the risk of HIV transmission among Chinese serodiscordant couples.
METHODSA systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies of heterosexual HIV transmission among serodiscordant couples in China was conducted. Two reviewers conducted a literature search using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Medical Current Contents (CMCC), and Medline databases. Pooled transmission estimates per 100 person-years (PY) were calculated using a random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis stratified by study design, transmission direction and period of antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability were conducted to assess the factors associated with transmission.
RESULTSEleven eligible studies were identified reporting on 11 984 couples and 405 HIV transmission events. HIV transmission risk from HIV-positive individuals to heterosexual partners was 1.68 (95%CI 0.74 - 2.62) per 100 PY. Study design did not reach statistical significance in meta-regression analysis. The pooled female-to-male transmission estimate was 1.11 (95%CI 0.09 - 2.14) per 100 PY and male-to-female transmission estimate was 1.43 (95%CI 0.19 - 2.68) per 100 PY. The pooled estimate for those before the availability of the Chinese National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program (2.13 (95%CI 0.00 - 4.63) per 100 PY) was higher than that for those after the implementation of this program (1.44 (95%CI 0.62 - 2.26) per 100 PY).
CONCLUSIONSTransmission estimates in China were lower than other developing countries, but higher than developed countries. Research that better defines HIV secondary transmission rates and the associated behavioral, treatment adherence, and health-related risk factors among heterosexual serodiscordant couples in China is needed.
China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; etiology ; transmission ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Risk
5.Dynamic mathematical models of HIV/AIDS transmission in China.
Jun-jie WANG ; Kathleen Heather REILLY ; Jing LUO ; Chun-peng ZANG ; Ning WANG
Chinese Medical Journal 2010;123(15):2120-2127
7.Impact of the 90-90-90 goal and pre-exposure prophylaxis on HIV transmission and elimination in men who have sex with men in China: A mathematical modeling study.
K R WANG ; L P PENG ; J GU ; C HAO ; H C ZOU ; Y T HAO ; J H LI
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2018;39(11):1507-1514
Objective: To establish a dynamic compartmental model to predict the impact of HIV testing and treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on the annual incidence of HIV infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) in China from 2018 to 2037. Methods: A dynamic compartmental model was developed to describe the HIV epidemic in MSM in China. The model was parameterized using data from the literature available. We used MATLAB 7.0 software for data simulation and graphics rendering. We analyzed HIV transmission among MSM and estimated the impact of expanded HIV testing and treatment and PrEP on HIV elimination in MSM. Results: Under the current policy, the number of new HIV infections would reach 770 000, the infection rate would reach 11.1% and the incidence rate would reach 0.72/100 person years in MSM in the next 20 years. Under the 90%-90%-90% goal, 440 000 new infections (57.7%) would be reduced, the HIV infection rate would decline to 5.7% and the incidence rate would decline to 0.24/100 person years in the next 20 years, but it is still unlikely to achieve the goal of HIV elimination. With 100% PrEP compliance, the required PrEP coverage rates for achieving HIV elimination in the next 10, 15 and 20 years would be 65%, 32% and 19%, respectively. Conclusion: It is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive intervention in MSM, continue to expand HIV testing and treatment, and improve PrEP adherence and coverage to further control and eliminate the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in MSM.
China
;
Goals
;
HIV
;
HIV Infections/transmission*
;
Homosexuality, Male
;
Humans
;
Male
;
Models, Theoretical
;
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
8.Introcution of Australia Management of Prevention and Treatment for Occupational Exposure to Hepatitis and HIV (Hematogenous).
Huan-qiang WANG ; Min ZHANG ; Tao LI
Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases 2006;24(10):637-638
Australia
;
HIV Infections
;
prevention & control
;
transmission
;
Hepatitis B
;
prevention & control
;
transmission
;
Hepatitis C
;
prevention & control
;
transmission
;
Humans
;
Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional
;
prevention & control
;
Occupational Exposure
;
Risk Assessment
9.The analysis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtypes in Yunnan province.
Yan-ling MA ; Yong ZHANG ; Lin LU ; Li YANG ; Yu-hua SHI ; Chao-jun YANG ; Hong-bing LUO ; Wen-yun YAN ; Xiang-dong MIN ; Ying-zhen SU ; Ling CHEN ; En-fa QIAO ; Hui-chao CHEN ; Wen-qing CUI ; Fang LIU ; Man-hong JIA
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;42(12):892-894
OBJECTIVETo analyze the geographical distribution and risk factors of HIV-1 subtypes in Yunnan province.
METHODSBlood samples from 1319 HIV positives were collected in Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2006. The nested polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the gag (p24)-protease fragments from RNA extracted from plasma or sera. The sequences were used for subtype determination by phylogenetic tree analysis.
RESULTSAmong 1319 samples studied, the subtypes has been successfully obtained from 644 samples that were constituted of seven subtypes: CRF08_BC, CRF07_BC, CRF07/08_BC, CRF01_AE, C, B' and URFB/C. C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC were distributed in the whole province, but CRF01_AE were mainly distributed in the boarding areas with Myanmar such as Dehong, Baoshan, Xishuangbanna and Puer. Moreover, injecting drugs users accounted for 61.6% (270/438) among C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC infections, while only 8.5% (15/177) among CRF01_AE infections.
CONCLUSIONOur data indicated that at least seven subtypes were identified in Yunnan province, the relationship between subtypes and transmission routes were analyzed, and the geographic difference of subtypes was also observed.
China ; DNA, Viral ; Genotype ; HIV Infections ; transmission ; virology ; HIV-1 ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
10.Thirty years of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic and beyond.
International Journal of Oral Science 2013;5(4):191-199
After more than 30 years of battling a global epidemic, the prospect of eliminating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the most challenging infectious disease of the modern era is within our reach. Major scientific discoveries about the virus responsible for this immunodeficiency disease state, including its pathogenesis, transmission patterns and clinical course, have led to the development of potent antiretroviral drugs that offer great hopes in HIV treatment and prevention. Although these agents and many others still in development and testing are capable of effectively suppressing viral replication and survival, the medical management of HIV infection at the individual and the population levels remains challenging. Timely initiation of antiretroviral drugs, adherence to the appropriate therapeutic regimens, effective use of these agents in the pre and post-exposure prophylaxis contexts, treatment of comorbid conditions and addressing social and psychological factors involved in the care of individuals continue to be important considerations.
Anti-Retroviral Agents
;
therapeutic use
;
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
;
HIV
;
pathogenicity
;
HIV Infections
;
drug therapy
;
prevention & control
;
transmission
;
Humans