Objective To investigate and compare the bonding properties of Single Bond 2 and SE Bond to tetracycline stained dentin in vitro.Methods Ten extracted tetracycline stained human teeth and ten extracted normal human teeth were collected and the occlusal dentin surfaces of all extracted teeth were exposed.The tetracycline stained teeth and normal teeth were divided into two groups, respectively and randomly, based on the adhesives applied.Total-etch adhesive(Single Bond 2) and self-etch adhesive(SE Bond) were used.After application of the adhesives to the dentin surfaces, composite crowns were built up.After 24 h water storage, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally into sticks(0.9 mm×0.9 mm bonding area) for micro tensile testing or micro Raman spectroscopy detection.Bonding strength(μTBS) and resin conversion rate were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.Results The tetracycline Single Bond 2 group presented lower bonding strength[(16.17±3.16) MPa] than the tetracycline SE Bond group[(25.82± 2.62) MPa], and also demonstrated lower bonding strength than the normal Single Bond 2 group[(29.13± 2.44) MPa] and the normal SE Bond group[(24.29±2.83) MPa](P＜0.05), while there was no statistical differences among the other three groups(P＞0.05).The resin conversion rate of tetracycline Single Bond 2 group[(55±6)％] was significantly lower than the tetracycline SE Bond group[(66±3)％](P＜0.05) and also lower than the normal Single Bond 2 group[(64±5)％] and the normal SE Bond group[(65±4)％](P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were observed among the other three groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions The bonding strength of total-etch adhesive system to the tetracycline stained dentin was significantly lower than that to the normal dentin.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2, also called IMP2) plays an essential role in the development and maturation of germ cells and embryos and is a candidate gene for goat litter size, based on a previous genome-wide selective sweep analysis. In this study, the mRNA expression level of IGF2BP2 was found to be significantly higher in a single-lamb group than in a multi-lamb group. Insertions/deletions (indels) within the goat IGF2BP2 gene, including P4-Ins-13bp and P5-Del-12bp, were verified in 918 Shaanbei White Cashmere (SBWC) female goats. The minor allelic frequencies (MAFs) of P4-Ins-13bp and P5-Del-12bp loci were 0.349 and 0.295, respectively. Analysis using the Chi-square (χ2) test showed that the genotype (χ2=14.479, P=0.006) distribution of P4-Ins-13bp was significantly different between the single-lamb and multi-lamb groups. Correlation analysis demonstrated that P4-Ins-13bp was significantly associated with goat litter size (P=0.022), and individual goats with the homozygous deletion/deletion (DD) genotype produced more litters than other goats. Therefore, considered as a potential molecular marker significantly related to lambing traits, the P4-Ins-13bp mutation of the goat IGF2BP2 gene can be used in goat breeding with practical molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) to optimize female reproduction and improve economic efficiency in the goat industry.

The development of materials science is of great significance to the treatment of dental pulp diseases. Poly lactic acid glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymer is an organic macromolecule compound that is widely used in the preparation of biomedical materials. In recent years, PLGA, as a drug/molecular loaded system and tissue regeneration scaffold, has shown prospects for application in the treatment of dental pulp diseases. This paper will review the application of PLGA in the treatment of dental pulp diseases and provide a basis for its further development and utilization. The results of the literature review show that PLGA is a drug/molecular delivery system that is mainly used in the improvement of pulp capping materials, root canal disinfectant and apexification materials. PLGA-improved pulp capping agents can prolong the action time of the drug and reduce toxicity. The modified root canal disinfectant can realize the sustained release of drug, make the drug penetrate deeper into the subtle structure, and contact more widely with the pathogenic bacteria. The modified apexification materials can provide more convenient administration methods for apexifixment. As a scaffold for tissue engineering, PLGA is mainly used in the study of pulp regeneration. The optimization of PLGA physical properties and action environment can provide a more suitable microenvironment for seed cells to proliferate and differentiate. How to utilize the advantages of PLGA to develop a more suitable material for endodontic application needs further study.

Unrestrained inflammation is harmful to tissue repair and regeneration. Immune cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles have been proven to show promise as inflammation targets and multitargeted inflammation controls in the treatment of severe inflammation. Prevention and early intervention of inflammation can reduce the risk of irreversible tissue damage and loss of function, but no cell membrane-camouflaged nanotechnology has been reported to achieve stage-specific treatment in these conditions. In this study, we investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for topical treatment of early inflammation (early pulpitis as the model) with the help of in-depth bioinformatics and molecular biology investigations in vitro and in vivo. Nanoparticles have been proven to act as sentinels to detect and competitively neutralize invasive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS) with resident fibroblasts to effectively inhibit the activation of intricate signaling pathways. Moreover, nanoparticles can alleviate the secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines to achieve multitargeted anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammatory conditions in the early stage. Our work verified the feasibility of fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for inflammation treatment in the early stage, which widens the potential cell types for inflammation regulation.
Escherichia coli ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Inflammation/drug therapy* ; Nanoparticles