COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a great threat to the lives of people around the world and has become a major global public health challenge. The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against viral invasion and plays an important role in the development of COVID-19. As the main immune cells in the innate immune system, monocyte macrophages have pattern recognition receptors on their surface that recognize SARS-CoV-2 singlestranded RNA and damage associated molecular patterns(DAMPs) and induce antiviral innate immune responses. However,SARS-CoV-2 has a strong immune escape ability and can rapidly expand and replicate in host cells and induce host cell death, which further induces an inflammatory response and exacerbates COVID-19. Studies have shown that macrophage infiltration-induced hyperinflammatory responses(i.e., cytokine storms) are an important lethal mechanism of COVID-19,and that during SARS-CoV-2 infection, the over-activation of glycolysis is an important metabolic mechanism for viral immune escape and inflammatory response. This paper reviews the related research progress of glucose metabolism in the innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2.

ObjectiveTo investigate and eveluate the significance of serum and urinary L-selectin in patients with transitional cell carcinoma.MethodsSerum and urinary samples were obtained before operation and 6 days after surgery from 46 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and from 14 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia.The serum and urinary L-selectin levels were measured using ELISA.ResultsThe preoperative serum concentration of L-selectin was significantly higher in patients with invasive bladder cancer [(766.3?135.1)ng/ml] than those with superficial bladder cancer [(563.8?118.2)ng/ml],P

Objective: To explore the effects of Cordyceps extract in regulating the imbalance of Th1/Th2 ratio and inhibiting the inflammatory reaction, and to find the theoretical basis of Cordyceps extract for treating asthma in remission stage. Methods: A total of 20 peripheral venous blood samples (3 mL) were collected from 20 asthmatic children during remission stage, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated by Ficoll method. PBMCs were separated into three groups (blank group, low-dose group and high-dose group). The PBMCs were incubated in vitro for 48 hours in the absence (blank group) or presence (low-dose group and high-dose group) of Cordyceps extract at different concentrations (10, 20 mug/mL). The expressions of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3) and forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor-3 (Foxp3) mRNAs in PBMCs were measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the contents of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 in supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The expressions of IFN-gamma mRNA showed no significant differences among the three groups. The expressions of the IL-4 mRNA in the high-dose group and the low-dose group were lower than that in the blank group (P=0.014, P=0.011). The expression of IL-10 mRNA in the high-dose group was higher than that in the blank group (P=0.034). And the differences of the IFN-gamma mRNA/IL-4 mRNA ratio presented no statistic significance among the three groups. The level of IL-4 content in the high-dose group was lower than that in the blank group (P=0.018), but the level of IL-10 content, and ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 in the high-dose group were higher than those in the blank group (P=0.011, P=0.045). The differences of the IFN-gamma presented no statistic significance among the three groups. The T-bet/GATA-3 ratio and Foxp3 mRNA expression in the high-dose group were higher than those in the blank group (P=0.001, P=0.015). There was significant difference in expression of GATA-3 mRNA between the high-dose group and the blank group (P=0.028), and between the low-dose group and the blank group (P=0.019). The expression differences of T-bet mRNA were insignificant between any two groups. Conclusion: Cordyceps extract can inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of Th2 cells and reduce the expression of related cytokines by down-regulating the expression of GATA-3 mRNA and up-regulating the expression of Foxp3 mRNA in PBMCs. Meanwhile, it can alleviate the chronic allergic inflammation by increasing the content of IL-10.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Trametes Robinioplila on regulating the imbalance of Th1 and Th2 ratio in gene and protein level,and to find the theoretical basis of the fungus for treating asthma in remission stage.Methods:The PBMC from asthmatic children were divided into three groups(blank group,middle-dose group,large-dose group),and then treated respectively with Trametes Robinioplila(0g/L,3g/L,6g/L) and culture medium for 48 hours respectively.The expression of IL-4 and IFN-? mRNA in cellular precipitation were measured,and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-? in supernatant were measured too.Results:After PBMC cultured with Trametes Robinioplila for 48 hours,the expressions of IL-4 mRNA,IFN-?,IFN-?/IL-4 mRNA ratios and IFN-?/IL-4 ratios were significantly different(P0.05) between large-dose group and middle-dose group.Conclusion:Trametes Robinioplila markedly increased the expression of IFN-? and decreased the expression of IL-4 mRNA,then regulated the imbalance of IFN-?/IL-4 and Thl/Th2 ratios in asthmatic children in remission stage.

Objective · To evaluate the efficacy and prognostic factors of ifosfamide-cisplatin-etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy as salvage regimen for patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Methods · A retrospective analysis was performed on 84 relapsed/refractory DLBCL patients who were treated with ICE salvage regimen at Ruijin Hospital (Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,China) from July 2004 to June 2016.Overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.Results· Of the 84 patients who were treated with ICE regimen,37 (44.0％) patients had responses,including 26 (31.0％) achieving complete remission.The median number of cycles per patient was 3 (range 1-6 cycles).The 1-year and 2-year OS rates were 49.5％ and 30.0％,respectively.The median OS time was 12.2 months.On univariate analysis,patients with early progression/recurrence (P=0.041) and a high-intermediate/high risk according to the international prognostic index (IPI) (P=0.024) and NCCN-IPI (P=0.002) had poorer outcomes.While improved outcome was found in patients in complete remission after chemotherapy (P=0.000).The multivariate analysis revealed that the intermediate-high/high risk according to NCCN-IPI was an independent risk factor,and remission after chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for prolonging survival.Conclusion· The ICE regimen can be used as an effective salvage therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL.

Objective To evaluate the clinical reliability and feasibility of computerized endoscopic balloon manometry in vitro and in vivo, in measurement of pressure of esophageal varices. Methods Computerized endoscopic balloon manometry was used to measure the pressure of variceal model with different diameter (3 mm, 6 mm and 8 mm) and intraluminal pressures (ranging from 8 to 36 mm Hg), and the findings were compared with actual pressures. The technique was also applied in 23 patients with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices, and its correlation with hepatic venous pressure gradient and other factors related with varices bleeding. Results The study in vitro showed that the measured intraluminal pressure was correlated significantly with the actual value ( r ≥ 0. 993, P ＜ 0. 001 ) without obvious measurement bias(95% CI = -0.13 cm H2O to 0. 33 cm H2O). The measurement in 23 patients were success with little variation coefficient (r≥0. 998) between repeated procedures. Regression analysis showed a good correlation between variceal pressure and hepatic venous pressure gradient (r=0. 858, P ＜ 0. 001 ). A higher variceal pressure was strongly associated with presence of previous bleeding episodes, vascular diameter and presence of red color signs, but did not correlate with the parameter of Child-Pugh classification ( t = 0. 31, P =0. 76). Conclusion Computerized endoscopic balloon manometry is reliable and feasible to examine esophageal variceal pressure, and is very likely to be a valuable clinical index for variceal bleeding.

Objective To investigate the relationship between learning and memory deficit and demyelination of the corpus callosum in twelve-month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Methods Twelve twelve-month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were as AD group, and age-matched wild type (WT) littermates were as WT group. Learning and memory ability was tested with Morris water maze, and the mor-phology of nerve fiber of corpus callosum was detected with Luxol Fast Blue staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect myelin ba-sic protein (MBP) in the corpus callosum. Thioflavine S staining was used to detect amyloid plaque in the corpus callosum. Results Com-pared with WT group, the latency increased (Z>2.873, P<0.01) and the times crossing the location of the platform decreased (t=-7.339, P<0.001) in AD group. The nerve fibers were sparse and disorganized, with a lot of vacuoles in the corpus callosum of AD group. The positive expression of MBP in the corpus callosum was significantly decreased (t=-4.481, P<0.001) in AD group compared with WT group. There were amyloid plaques in the corpus callosum of AD group. Conclusion Twelve-month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice exhibit learning and memory deficit, which may be attributed to the deposition of the amyloid plaque mediated demyelinated injury of the corpus callosum.

Objective To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics, treatment. and prognosis of dopamine responsive dystonia (DRD) in children. Method The clinical data of DRD in 3 children admitted to neurology clinic from January 2014 to August 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Two male children, 20-month-old and 2-year-old respectively, and one 4-year-old female child suffered from hypotonia after birth or one year after birth. Genetic testing found that case 1 had heterozygous mutations in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, C. G943A (p. G315S) from his mother (PMID 20056467) and C. G739A (p. G247S) from his father (PMID 18554280, 24753243) . Case 2 had a heterozygous mutation, c.454-2A＞G, in GCH-1 gene, which was identified to be from his father (PMID 10732814) . Case 3 had two mutations in TH1 gene, c.580+2T>C from her mother (novel mutation) and c.698G>A (p.R233H) from her father (PMID 9703425) . The mother of case 1 was pregnant again. Prenatal examination revealed that the fetus only carried c.G943A (p.G315S) from the mother. Three patients were treated with a small dose of madopar after diagnosis, and gradually increased to obtain the best effect. After 6-month follow-up, cases 1 and 2 recovered to normal, and case 3 showed significant improvement in dystonia, but left foot deformity. Conclusion DRD can start in infants and young children with atypical early symptoms. Genetic testing can make a definite diagnosis. The family that has proband should undergo prenatal examination.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) used for hearing monitoring in the oto-neurosurgery operation. METHOD: Twenty-four rabbits were equally divided into 3 groups: none operation (group A, n = 8); pressing the cerebella after the cerebellopontine angle was exposed (group B, n = 8); Blood flow of internal auditory artery were occlusion for 5 min after the facial-acoustic nerve complex was pressed(group C, n = 8). DPOAE value and histologic were observed. RESULT: In the state of pressing the cerebellar and blood flow of inner hearing artery were occlusion, DPOAE amplitude values changed, part of the frequencies could not be induced, DPOAE amplitude values of induced frequencies descend and nael significant difference (P < 0.05) to preoperation, as well as correspond to histology changes. CONCLUSION DPOAE could monitor the hearing loss effectively and would be one of ideal monitoring methods in the oto-neurosurgery operation.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hearing Loss ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Hearing Tests ; methods ; Neurosurgery ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; Otologic Surgical Procedures ; Rabbits