Seafood is an important source of dietary protein worldwide, especially for coastal and island dwellers who now comprise 70% of the world’s population. Besides being high in protein and providing 40% of the world’s protein intake, seafood is low in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids and contains unique long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Two seafood PUFAs, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke. Although the United States (U.S.) scientific community has recommended a Mediterranean-type diet, based on beneficial PUFAs in seafood, the European scientific community has cautioned that the increasing methylmercury levels in seafood may counteract any cardioprotective effects of PUFAs and actually increase risks of MI. This review describes the health benefits of seafood consumption and makes recommendations for the safe selection and preparation of seafood. In addition, this review describes the burden of seafood-borne diseases, separates seafood-borne toxic, heavy metal, and pesticide poisonings from seafood-borne infectious diseases; and makes recommendations for the management and prevention of seafood-borne illnesses. With the exception of some of the toxic seafood-borne illnesses, most seafood-borne infectious diseases, heavy metal poisonings, and pesticide poisonings can be prevented by careful selection and preparation of fresh seafood and adherence to weekly seafood consumption advisories, especially for those at highest risk of methylmercury poisoning, such as women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or of child-bearing age, and children age seven and younger. A balanced diet combining protein from a variety of sources, including carefully selected and prepared seafood, along with natural antioxidants from fruits and vegetables is recommended to prevent seafood-borne diseases and to promote health and longevity.

Objective: To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 0-5 years, in 2010-2013. Methods: Data was from the'China Nutrition and Health Surveillance-0-5-Years-Old Children and Lactating Women'project in 2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 55 districts/counties from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with the sample size of children as 32 862. Definition of overweight and obesity were according to both the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5-year-old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5-years-old. Results: were calculated by complex weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. Results The overall prevalence of overweight was 8.4% among the 0-5-year-old in 2013, with 9.4% in boys and 7.2% in girls. Both of the rates from urban and rural areas were the same, as 8.4%. The prevalence rates of overweight in the 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-71 months age groups appeared as 13.0%, 11.1%, 8.3%, 6.0%, 4.8%, 3.9% and 15.9%, respectively. The rates of overweight in low, medium and high income families were 8.0%, 8.8% and 8.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 3.1% among the 0-5-year-old, with 3.6% in boys and 2.5% in girls. There was no significant difference seen in urban (3.3%) and rural areas (2.9%). The prevalence rates for obesity in the 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-71 months age groups were 5.8%, 3.8%, 2.5%, 1.6%, 1.2%, 1.3% and 7.8%, respectively. The rates of obesity in low, medium and high income families were 2.8%, 3.3% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence rates of both overweight and obesity were increasing among the 0-5-year-olds in China, suggesting that it is necessary to timely conduct the surveillance and intervention programs on overweight and obesity in this target population.
Adolescent ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lactation ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity/ethnology* ; Overweight/ethnology* ; Prevalence

The confirmatory diagnosis of Moyamoya disease has been obtained by invasive angiographic examination. We report the results of MRI and transcranial doppler sonography of three cases ol Moyamoya disease, which ws disgnosed by clinical and angiography. We think that the diagnosis of Moyamoya disease can be made by noninvasive MRI and transcranial doppler sonography without conventional invasive angiography.
Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial*

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuropathological studies have demonstrated that multiple system atrophy (MSA) produces selective atrophy of the putamen with sparing of the caudate nucleus, while both structures are spared in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study we evaluated the clinical efficacy of using putaminal atrophy in brain MRI to differentiate MSA and PD. METHODS: We measured the putamen/caudate volume ratio on brain MRI in 24 patients with MSA and 21 patients with PD. Two clinicians who were blinded to the patients' diagnoses and to each other's assessments measured the volume ratio using a computer program. RESULTS: The measured volume ratios of the two investigators were highly correlated (r=0.72, p<0.0001). The volume ratio was significantly lower in MSA (1.29+/-0.28) than PD (1.91+/-0.29, p<0.0001). Setting an arbitrary cutoff ratio of 1.6 resulted in about 90% of patients with MSA falling into the group with a lower ratio, whereas more than 80% of patients with PD belonged to the other group. CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that putaminal atrophy in MSA as measured on brain MRI represents an effective tool for differentiating MSA from PD.
Atrophy ; Brain ; Caudate Nucleus ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multiple System Atrophy* ; Parkinson Disease* ; Putamen ; Research Personnel

In response to the demands of an ageing nation, the postgraduate medical education in Singapore is currently in the early stage of transition into the American-styled residency programme. This study assessed the expectations of both radiology trainees and faculty on their ideal clinical learning environment (CLE) which facilitates the programme development. A modified 23-item questionnaire was administered to both trainees and faculty at a local training hospital. All items were scored according to their envisioned level of importance and categorised into 5 main CLE domains-supervision, formal training programme, work-based learning, social atmosphere and workload. 'Supervision' was identified as the most important domain of the CLE by both trainees and faculty, followed by 'formal training programmes', 'work-based learning' and 'social atmosphere'. 'Workload' was rated as the least important domain. For all domains, the reported expectation between both trainees and faculty respondents did not differ significantly. Intragroup comparison also showed no significant difference within each group of respondents. This study has provided valuable insights on both respondents' expectations on their ideal CLE that can best train competency in future radiologists. Various approaches to address these concerns were also discussed. The similarities in findings between ours and previous studies suggest that the 'supervision', 'formal training programmes' and 'work-based learning' domains are crucial for the success of a postgraduate medical training and should be emphasised in future curriculum. 'Workload' remains a challenge in postgraduate medical training, but attempts to address this will have an impact in future radiology training.
Attitude of Health Personnel ; Competency-Based Education ; Curriculum ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; methods ; organization & administration ; Faculty, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; methods ; organization & administration ; Male ; Radiology ; education ; Singapore ; Students, Medical ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload

Objective: To standardize the reporting system on hepatitis B in order to improve the quality of monitoring program in Henan province. Methods: A total of 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance were selected in Xinzheng of Zhengzhou city, Linzhou of Anyang city, Shanyang district of Jiaozuo city, Shaoling district of Luohe city, Yongcheng of Shangqiu city, Pingqiao district of Xinyang city in Henan province. Subjects under study were those reported hepatitis B cases, from 2012 to 2016. Cases diagnosed in 2011 were chosen as controls. Data on classification of hepatitis B, time that HBsAg became positive and ALT value of the cases were analyzed annually. 5 ml venous blood was collected and anti-HBc IgM confirmed test was made for those suspected acute cases on hepatitis B. Based on the 2016 data from the monitoring system, the incidence of acute hepatitis B in Henan province was estimated. Results: The number of reported hepatitis B cases had declined in 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance substantially. A total of 17 436 hepatitis B reported in 2011 but only 2 632 cases were reported in 2016, with a reduction of 84.90%(14 804/17 436) in these six monitoring sites. The number of unclassified hepatitis B cases also dropped sharply. In 2011, 36.87% of the cases were unclassified, but the figure reduced to 0.08% in 2016, from the six sites. The rate on ALT detection also gradually improved. The rate of misdiagnosis on HBV carrier from hepatitis B almost disappeared. From 2013 to 2016, 777 blood samples were collected from six pilot sites. 29.34% (228/777) of the blood samples were tested positive for anti-HBc IgM after confirmed by the hepatitis laboratory of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Conclusions: Since the development of the pilot surveillance program, the quality of reporting system on hepatitis B had been improved, as well as the accuracy of diagnosis. Rate on the accuracy of reporting on hepatitis B and the methods of testing should be improved at the monitoring sites.
China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pilot Projects ; Population Surveillance ; Sentinel Surveillance

Adult ; Anxiety ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; therapeutic use ; Dystonia ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Hemifacial Spasm ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mastication ; Neuromuscular Agents ; therapeutic use ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: In-depth understanding of endoscopic anatomy of the skull base is the cornerstone of the development of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. The purpose of this study is to explore the anatomical landmarks of the clivus for endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. METHOD: Eight silicon-injected adult cadaveric heads (16 sides) were dissected performing endoscopic endonasal approach. The clivus and adjacent structures were exposed; and their anatomy shown in detail. High-quality pictures were produced. RESULT: The clivus was subdivided into the upper, the middle and the lower clivus. Extracranial soft tissue landmarks and bony landmarks were presented. Intradural landmarks of the upper clivus were the interpeduncular cistern, posterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, superior cerebellar artery, cranial nerve III and cerebral peduncle; intradural landmarks of the middle clivus were the prepontine cistern, basilar artery, cranial nerve VI and pons; intradural landmarks of lower clivus were premedullary cistern, vertebral artery, cranial nerve XI and medulla oblongata. Surgical routes to the clivus were the upper clivus approach, middle clivus approach, lower clivus approach and panclival approach. CONCLUSION An understanding of the complex anatomy of the clivus is paramount for surgically dealing with the disease involved clivus and adjacent region.
Adult ; Cadaver ; Cranial Fossa, Posterior ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Nose ; Skull Base

In this experiment conducted to study the inactivation dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by binary ethylenimine (BEI) in comparison with formalin, IBDV was isolated from the bursa of infected chickens and its confirmation was done by agar gel precipitation test. Viral suspensions were subjected to inactivation with BEI and formalin for pre-set time intervals. BEI was employed at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L while formalin was used at 0.1% and 0.2%. Sampling was done at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation and samples were tested for their inactivation status in 9-day-old embryonated eggs and 3-week-old broiler chickens. IBDV was completely inactivated by 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L BEI after 36 h of incubation at 37 ℃,whereas formalin at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations inactivated IBDV in 24 h.

Objective: To evaluate the behavior intervention program on men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin. Methods: From April 2013 to September 2017, MSM were enrolled from MSM gathering places and through mobile internet to establish an open prospective cohort. Interventions were conducted in every follow-up meeting, while the changes of behaviors and HIV infection and syphilis incidences in the MSM before and after intervention were compared. Results: A total of 1 822 MSM were interviewed at baseline survey, with 1 007 eligible MSM were enrolled in the cohort. A total of 39 new cases of HIV infection were reported, and the cumulative observation time on cohort follow-up was 2 216.96 person-year, with the HIV incidence rate as 1.76 per 100 person-years. Among them, 934 MSM were sero-negative for syphilis in baseline survey. A total of 100 new cases of syphilis were reported, and the cumulative observation time of cohort follow-up was 1 959.94 person-year, the syphilis incidence rate was 5.10 per 100 person-years. With health education and intervention conducted, the awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge for MSM increased. Though the rate of anal sex increased after intervention, the rate of condom use in anal sex increased, too. The rate of condom use decreased after receiving more than 3 interventions. Data from the multivariate GEE analysis indicated that protective factors might be as follows: education level of college and above (aOR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.68-0.98), awareness of AIDS related knowledge (aOR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.36-0.75), ever receiving condom promotion and distribution in the past six months (aOR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.49-0.74), being recruited from mobile internet (aOR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.73-1.00) and times of cumulative intervention: one time (aOR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.45-0.66), two times (aOR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.30-0.49), three times (aOR=0.26, 95%CI: 0.20-0.35), four times and above (aOR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.17-0.33). Diagnoses of STDs in the past six months (aOR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.06-1.96), using rush-poppers (aOR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.02-1.47) might be risk factors. Conclusions: After continuous behavior intervention, the incidence of HIV infection and syphilis were at a low level in the MSM cohort in Tianjin. Their awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge and the rate of condom use increased. But there are still many risk factors influencing the unprotected anal sex in MSM. We should continuously carry out behavioral intervention programs to prevent unprotected anal sex among MSM.
Behavior Therapy ; China/epidemiology* ; Follow-Up Studies ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Safe Sex