Objective: To understand the prevalence of alcohol drinking in 20-79 years old males with different educational backgrounds and smoking behaviors in different areas of China. Methods: A multi-stage cluster random sampling survey was conducted in 150 surveillance sites in 2010-2012 Chinese nutrition and health surveillance in China. At least 1 000 subjects were selected in each surveillance site. Alcohol drinking prevalence and pattern information were collected by using personal health and food frequency questionnaire in face to face interviews. Results: A total of 60 791 males aged 20-79 years were surveyed. The prevalence of alcohol drinking was 57.8% (58.3% in rural area, 57.3% in urban area). The mean daily alcohol intake level was 32.7 g (33.3 g in rural area, 32.1 g in urban area). The rate of almost drinking every day and daily alcohol intake level were highest among males aged 50-59 years. Mean daily alcohol intake level, rate of almost drinking every day and excessive drinking decreased with the increase of education level. Non-smokers had higher rate of never drinking and lower prevalence of drinking and excessive drinking, lower mean daily alcohol intake level, and lower rate of almost drinking every day compared with current and past smokers. Conclusions: Alcohol drinking was common in males aged 20-79 years in China, and, the difference was not obvious between rural residents and urban residents. The differences in daily intake level of different alcohol drinks among males with different characteristics had certain significance. Significant difference in excessive drinking was found among different age groups, those with different education levels and those with different smoking history.
Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology* ; Asian People ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Smoking/epidemiology* ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To understand the prevalence of alcohol drinking and influencing factors in female adults in China. Methods: At the 150 survey sites where 2010-2012 Chinese nutrition and health surveillance was conducted, a face to face questionnaire survey was conducted in female adults selected through multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling. Sample weights was assigned to each participant based on the study design by using national population census data in 2009. The complex sampling and unconditional multivariate logistics regression analysis was conducted to identify the influencing factors for the prevalence of alcohol drinking in the female adults. Results: A total of 75 518 participants were included in this study. The prevalence of drinking in female adults was 13.9% (95%CI: 11.7-16.2) in urban area and 13.3% (95%CI: 9.4-17.2) in rural area. The prevalence of frequent drinking was 13.9% (95%CI: 9.9-17.9) in women in urban area and 14.2% (95%CI: 10.8-17.6) in women in rural area. The prevalence of excessive drinking was 11.1% (95%CI: 7.5-14.8) in women in urban area and 12.8% (95%CI: 9.1-16.4) in women in rural area. The prevalence of wine drinking in women in urban area was significantly higher than in women in rural and had positive correlation with income and education levels. The social and economic factors influencing drinking behavior of the female adults included occupation, drinking behaviors of family members and smoking behavior. Those who were engaged in agriculture, production and transportation (OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.56-0.94, P=0.016), housework (OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.44-0.78, P<0.001) and other work (OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.43-0.85, P=0.004) had lower drinking prevalence. Whereas those whose family members had drinking behavior (OR=2.66, 95%CI: 2.17-3.26, P<0.001) and those who were current smokers (OR=4.32, 95%CI: 2.95-6.34, P<0.01) had higher drinking prevalence. Conclusions: The prevalence of drinking, frequent alcohol drinking and excessive drinking were relatively low in female adults in China. Occupation, drinking behaviors of family members and smoking behavior were the main factors influencing the prevalence drinking behavior in female adults in China.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology* ; Asian People ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Sex Distribution ; Urban Population

Objective: To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 0-5 years, in 2010-2013. Methods: Data was from the'China Nutrition and Health Surveillance-0-5-Years-Old Children and Lactating Women'project in 2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 55 districts/counties from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with the sample size of children as 32 862. Definition of overweight and obesity were according to both the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5-year-old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5-years-old. Results: were calculated by complex weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. Results The overall prevalence of overweight was 8.4% among the 0-5-year-old in 2013, with 9.4% in boys and 7.2% in girls. Both of the rates from urban and rural areas were the same, as 8.4%. The prevalence rates of overweight in the 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-71 months age groups appeared as 13.0%, 11.1%, 8.3%, 6.0%, 4.8%, 3.9% and 15.9%, respectively. The rates of overweight in low, medium and high income families were 8.0%, 8.8% and 8.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 3.1% among the 0-5-year-old, with 3.6% in boys and 2.5% in girls. There was no significant difference seen in urban (3.3%) and rural areas (2.9%). The prevalence rates for obesity in the 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-71 months age groups were 5.8%, 3.8%, 2.5%, 1.6%, 1.2%, 1.3% and 7.8%, respectively. The rates of obesity in low, medium and high income families were 2.8%, 3.3% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence rates of both overweight and obesity were increasing among the 0-5-year-olds in China, suggesting that it is necessary to timely conduct the surveillance and intervention programs on overweight and obesity in this target population.
Adolescent ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lactation ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity/ethnology* ; Overweight/ethnology* ; Prevalence

Objective: To explore the relationship between meat consumption and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Chinese adults aged ≥18 years. Methods: The data were obtained from 2010- 2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey. A total of 34 923 subjects who completed the dietary survey, the physical examination and had the testing results of blood sugar and blood lipid levels were enrolled in this study. MS was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of China Diabetes Society 2013. The prevalence ratios of MS and each form of MS and related 95%CI were calculated after post stratification weight according to the population data (2009) released by the national bureau of statistics. Results: The average meat intake among subjects was 94.8 g/d. People who had meat consumption between 100 g/d and 199 g/d had the lowest prevalence of MS, abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia. As the meat consumption increased, the prevalence of MS in men increased. Men who had meat consumption of ≥300 g/d had a higher risk of MS than those who had low level of meat consumption, with prevalence ratio equaled to 1.46 (95%CI: 1.14~1.87). Similar trend was not observed in women. Conclusion: Moderate intake of meat is associated with reduced risk of MS in Chinese adults.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Metabolic Syndrome/ethnology* ; Obesity, Abdominal/ethnology* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

Objective: To understand the current status of national free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and influencing factors in China. Methods: Descriptive and trend test analyses were performed to evaluate the historical characteristics and trends of main descriptive indicators on national free antiretroviral therapy for the interprovincial migrating PLWHA by using the data collected from National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Information System from 2011 to 2015. Logistic regression model was used to explore the main factors that influencing the coverage of national free antiretroviral therapy among the interprovincial migrating PLWHA in China. Results: The proportion of interprovincial migrating PLWHA gradually increased in last 5 years from 7.1% (17 784/250 645) in 2011 to 10.3% (54 596/528 226) in 2015 (Z=51.38, P<0.000 1) in China. The coverage rate of free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA increased from 37.3% (6 641/17 784) in 2011 to 71.0% (38 783/54 596) in 2015, showing a significant rising tendency (Z=96.23, P<0.000 1), but it was slightly lower than that in non-interprovincial migrating PLWHA in 2015 (71.5%, 338 654/473 630). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the PLWHA who were females, aged ≥50 years, of Han ethnic group, married or had spouse, had the educational level of high school or above, infected through homosexual intercourse, with CD(4)(+)T cells counts ≤500 cells/μl at the first visit, identified to be infected with HIV in medical setting, living in urban areas et al, were more likely to receive free antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: The coverage rate of free antiretroviral therapy varied among the interprovincial migrating PLWHA with different characteristics. It is still necessary to take effective measures to further increase the coverage of free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA and to include the free antiretroviral therapy in interprovincial migrating PLWHA into standardized management system as soon as possible.
Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use* ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; HIV ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; Healthcare Disparities ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Middle Aged ; Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data*

Objective: To investigate the drinking status and associated factors in adults in China. Methods: Based on the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS), a total of 135 824 participants aged ≥18 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to investigate the associated factors for drinking status. Results: The overall drinking rate was 30.5% in Chinese adults, 53.8% in men, and 12.2% in women. The excessive drinking rate was 14.0% in men and 1.1% in women. The daily drinking rate was 25.7% in men and 10.9% in women. Men mainly consumed multi-type wines, but women preferred beer. The overall harmful drinking rate was 7.1%. The excessive drinking rate, daily drinking rate, and harmful drinking rate increased first but then declined with age. All the four rates were positively related with physical activity. Conclusions: The drinking rate, excessive drinking rate, daily drinking rate and harmful drinking rate were high in adults in China. Drinking status was associated with age, sex, marital status, education level, smoking status and physical activity.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology* ; Alcoholism/epidemiology* ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Smoking/epidemiology*

Objective: To understand the prevalence of major human parasitic diseases and related factors in Henan province. Methods: This stratified sampling survey was carried out according to the requirement of national survey protocol of major human parasitic diseases, 2014-2015. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infection, taeniasis and intestinal protozoiasis were surveyed in 104 sites selected from 35 counties (districts) and the prevalence of clonorchiasis was surveyed in 62 sites selected from 37 townships. In each survey spot, 250 persons were surveyed. A total of 26 866 persons and 15 893 persons were surveyed. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear was used to detect the eggs of intestinal helminthes. Tube fecal culture was used to identify the species of hookworm. The Enterobius eggs were detected in children aged 3 to 6 years by using adhesive tape. The cyst and trophozoite of intestinal protozoa were examined with physiological saline direct smear method and iodine stain method. Results: The overall infestation rate of intestinal parasites was2.02% in Henan, and the worm infection rate was higher than protozoa infection rate. Fourteen kinds of intestinal parasites were found, including nematode (5 species), trematode (2 species), and protozoan (7 species). The infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis was highest, and Qinba Mountain ecological area had the highest infestation rate of intestinal parasites in 4 ecological areas of Henan. There was no significant difference in intestinal parasite infection rate between males and females (χ(2)=3.630, P=0.057), and the differences in intestinal parasite infection rate among different age groups had significance (χ(2)=124.783, P=0.000 1). The infection rate reached the peak in age group ≤9 years and the major parasite was Enterobius vermicularis. Furthermore the overall human infection rate of parasite showed a downward trend with the increase of educational level of the people (χ(2)=70.969, P=0.000 1), the differences had significance (χ(2)=120.118, P=0.000 1). For different populations, the infection rate of intestinal parasites was highest among preschool children. The infection of intestinal helminth was mainly mild, only 2 severe cases were detected. The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis in urban residents was only 0.006%. Logistic regression analysis showed that being preschool children (χ(2)=15.765, P=0.000 1) and drinking well water (χ(2)=45.589, P=0.000 1) were the risk factors for intestinal parasite infection, and annual income per capita of farmers was the protective factor against intestinal parasite infection. The infection rates of protozoa and intestinal parasites decreased sharply compared with the results of previous two surveys, and the rate of intestinal helminth infection also dropped sharply compared with the second survey. The numbers of protozoa, helminth and intestinal parasites detected in this survey were all less than the numbers found in the previous two surveys. Conclusions: Compared the results of three surveys in Henan, the infection rate of protozoa and intestinal parasites showed a downward trend. The prevention and treatment of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children should be the key point of parasitic disease control in the future.
Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clonorchiasis/epidemiology* ; Farmers ; Feces/parasitology* ; Female ; Helminthiasis/epidemiology* ; Helminths ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology* ; Male ; Prevalence ; Protective Factors ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Soil Microbiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Taeniasis/epidemiology* ; Trematode Infections/parasitology* ; Urban Population ; Water Wells

Objective: To understand the status, attitude and related risk factors on smoking among 18-65 years old patients with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma in Beijing. Methods: Data was gathered from the 2014 Beijing Non-communicable and Chronic Disease Surveillance Program. Multiple classified cluster sampling method was used and 19 815 participants aged 18-65 were sampled from 16 districts in Beijing. Results: Among all the 18 405 participants, male hypertensive patients showed a higher rate on current smoking than the other groups (χ(2)=17.695, P<0.001). Male patients with dyslipidemia had higher current smoking rate than the other groups (χ(2)=39.292, P<0.001). However, female patients with COPD or with asthma showed higher rate on current smoking than the other groups (χ(2)=6.276, P=0.012), (χ(2)=8.245, P=0.004). Among the smokers, hypertensive patients presented lower rate (χ(2)=20.487, P<0.001) on intention of smoking concession, than the other groups. Patients with COPD showed greater intention in quitting smoking (χ(2)=6.085, P=0.048), than the other groups. Male patients with diabetes (χ(2)=9.219, P=0.010) or dyslipidemia (χ(2)=13.513, P=0.001) who had stopped smoking tobacco appeared having higher rates in keeping the current status. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that smoking was the risk factor for hypertension (OR=1.17), dyslipidemia (OR=1.25), COPD (OR=1.78), and asthma (OR=1.57). Conclusions: Patients with certain kinds of chronic diseases showed higher rate of current smoking and lower rate of quitting. Cigarette consumption appeared an important risk factor for patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, or asthma in Beijing.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asthma/epidemiology* ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Intention ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Smokers ; Smoking/psychology* ; Smoking Cessation ; Nicotiana/adverse effects*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relative effects of degree and distribution of body fat with several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in elderly Chinese subjects.

METHODSOne hundred and thirty-five elderly Chinese individuals (age range, 60-65 y) without any history of significant renal, hepatic or cardiac disease were recruited. Seated blood pressure, anthropometric and fasting plasma biochemical parameters were measured. Student's t-test was used to compare the differences in biochemical and anthropometric markers between cohorts.

RESULTSMales were heavier (64.6 +/- 8.6, 57.2 +/- 8.2kg, P < 0.001), taller (1.65 +/- 0.06, 1.51 +/- 0.05 m, P < 0.001) and their greater body fat was predominantly deposited centrally (Waist-to- hip ratio, 0.91 +/- 0.06, 0.88 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05). Females were more generally obese with increased body mass index (BMI, 23.8 +/- 4.6, 25.0 +/- 3.5 kg/m2, P < 0.05) and percentage body fat [26.3% (24.5%-28.1%) vs 37.2% (36.0%-38.9%), P < 0.001] than the males. However, despite an 11% higher proportion of body fat in females, no significant differences were identified in blood pressure, lipid profile, indices of insulin resistance or albumin-to-creatinine ratios.

CONCLUSIONIt is likely that central adiposity contributes disproportionately to these metabolic disorders in males even though they are much leaner than elderly Chinese females.

Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; complications ; Risk Factors

Objective: To analyze the relationship between medication taken during pregnancy and congenital heart disease of the newborns. Methods: A large cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2013. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the childbearing aged women, selected through multistage stratified random sampling in Shaanxi from 2010 to 2013. All of the childbearing aged women under study were in pregnancy and with definite pregnancy outcomes. Multivariable Poisson regression was conducted for data analyses. Results: A total of 28 680 cases were included in this study. The proportion of medication taken at any time during pregnancy was 16.0%, and the prevalence of congenital heart disease among the newborns was 67.9/10 000. After adjustment for factors as general demographic characteristic, history of heart disease and drug allergy and the situation of disease during pregnancy of these women, results from the multivariable Poisson regression showed that, factors as taking drugs (RR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.42- 2.68), cold medicine (RR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.07-2.64), antibiotics (RR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.25-2.90), salicylates (RR=5.01, 95%CI: 1.84-13.64) and antifungal drugs (RR=10.22, 95%CI: 3.25-32.19) during pregnancy were all related to congenital heart disease, and with the history of taking cold medicine (RR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.01-3.61), antibiotics (RR=2.18, 95%CI: 1.17-4.06), salicylates (RR=6.07, 95%CI: 1.45-25.41), antifungal drugs (RR=21.01, 95%CI: 4.17-105.87) and other drugs (RR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.19-4.47) during early pregnancy. These factors were with higher risks for congenital heart disease. Conclusion: Women of childbearing age who took cold medicine, antibiotics, salicylic acid drugs, antifungal drugs and other drugs during early pregnancy would increase the risks related to congenital heart diseases.
Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Therapy ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires