Objective: To analyze the relationship between medication taken during pregnancy and congenital heart disease of the newborns. Methods: A large cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2013. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the childbearing aged women, selected through multistage stratified random sampling in Shaanxi from 2010 to 2013. All of the childbearing aged women under study were in pregnancy and with definite pregnancy outcomes. Multivariable Poisson regression was conducted for data analyses. Results: A total of 28 680 cases were included in this study. The proportion of medication taken at any time during pregnancy was 16.0%, and the prevalence of congenital heart disease among the newborns was 67.9/10 000. After adjustment for factors as general demographic characteristic, history of heart disease and drug allergy and the situation of disease during pregnancy of these women, results from the multivariable Poisson regression showed that, factors as taking drugs (RR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.42- 2.68), cold medicine (RR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.07-2.64), antibiotics (RR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.25-2.90), salicylates (RR=5.01, 95%CI: 1.84-13.64) and antifungal drugs (RR=10.22, 95%CI: 3.25-32.19) during pregnancy were all related to congenital heart disease, and with the history of taking cold medicine (RR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.01-3.61), antibiotics (RR=2.18, 95%CI: 1.17-4.06), salicylates (RR=6.07, 95%CI: 1.45-25.41), antifungal drugs (RR=21.01, 95%CI: 4.17-105.87) and other drugs (RR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.19-4.47) during early pregnancy. These factors were with higher risks for congenital heart disease. Conclusion: Women of childbearing age who took cold medicine, antibiotics, salicylic acid drugs, antifungal drugs and other drugs during early pregnancy would increase the risks related to congenital heart diseases.
Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Therapy ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To explore the interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In 2014, there were 16 439 children aged 3-6 years old from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan municipality of China. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 10-item Chinese version of the Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (C-ASQ) were administered to assess the usual dietary intake and symptoms on ADHD. Social-demographic information was collected through questionnaires. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the multiplication interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD. Excel software was used to analyze the additive interaction effect of mother's educational level and preschoolers'dietary pattern on ADHD. Results: Results showed that factors as: mother's low educational level[aOR=1.31 (1.13-1.52)], scores related to preschoolers in the top quintile of "food processing" [aOR=1.31 (1.16-1.48)] and "snack" [aOR=1.45 (1.29-1.63)]patterns showed greater odds while preschoolers in the top quintile of "vegetarian" [aOR=0.80 (0.71-0.90)]showed less odds for having ADHD symptoms. Both multiplication and additive interactions were observed between mothers with less education. The processed dietary patterns (OR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.11-1.25), relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP) and the interaction index (SI) appeared as 0.21, 0.13 and 1.47, respectively. Multiplication interaction was observed between levels of mother's low education and the snack dietary pattern (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.14-1.29), with RERI, AP and SI as 0.49, 0.26 and 2.36, respectively. However, neither multiplication interaction or additive interaction was noticed between levels of mother's low education and the vegetarian dietary pattern (OR=0.97, 95%CI: 0.92-1.03), with RERI, AP and SI as 0.09, 0.05 and 1.15, respectively. Conclusions: Levels of mother's low education presented a risk factor for ADHD symptoms in preschool children. Both multiplication interaction and additive interaction were observed between mother's low education levels and the processed dietary pattern. Multiplication interaction was noticed between mother's education levels and the snack dietary pattern but not with the vegetarian dietary pattern.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology* ; Child ; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Diet ; Educational Status ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaV) worldwide. Methods: Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaV were retrieved from the databases including WanFang, CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation. Time, geography, setting and population distributions of outbreaks, transmission mode, SaV genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 34 papers about SaV were included, involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016. In these papers, 138 outbreaks were reported on the related months. All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere. SaV outbreaks occurred all year around, but mainly in cold season, the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks). Most outbreaks were reported by Japan, followed by Canada, the United States of America and the Netherlands. There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported, child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141, 34.04%), followed by long-term care facility (41/141, 29.08%) and hospital (16/141, 11.35%). Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported, with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704, 78.12%), followed by nausea (829/1 198, 69.20%), abdominal pain (840/1 328, 63.25%), vomiting (824/1 704, 48.36%) and fever (529/1 531, 34.53%). Genotypes of SaV were determined for 119 outbreaks. GⅠ(51/119, 42.86%) and GⅣ (45/119, 37.82%) were predominant. The outbreaks of GⅣ SaV increased suddenly in 2007, and the outbreaks of GⅠ SaV mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013. Conclusions: SaV outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries, with most outbreaks occurred in cold season, in child-care settings and long term care facility. GⅠ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaV. Prevention and control of SaV outbreak in China seemed relatively weak, and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaV outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
Caliciviridae Infections/virology* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Feces/virology* ; Gastroenteritis/virology* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics* ; Sapovirus/isolation & purification* ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Humans ; Lung ; Pneumoconiosis/diagnostic imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Silicosis/diagnostic imaging* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective: To understand the effect of interpregnancy interval (IPI) of childbearing aged women on the birth weight of single live birth neonates in Shaanxi province. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among the childbearing aged women selected through multistage stratified random sampling in Shaanxi during 20l0-2013, all the childbearing aged women had definite pregnancy outcomes. The interpregnancy interval of the childbearing aged women and the birth weight of the newborns were used as the independent variables and dependent variables respectively in multiple linear regression model and quantile regression model, and confounding factors were controlled. Results: A total of 13 063 women at childbearing age and their infants were investigated. The incidence of low birth weight and macrosomia was 3.54% and 7.62% respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference in birth weight among different IPI group and control group. Quantile regression analysis showed when birth weight was at 5 percentiles, the difference in birth weight between newborns whose mothers had short interpregnancy interval (<12 months) and those in control group was significant, when the birth weight was ≥90 percentiles, the birth weights of newborns whose mothers had long interpregnancy interval (60-119 months) were higher than those in control group, the difference was significant. As the increase of the percentiles of birth weight, the extent of changes gradually increased. Conclusion: The analysis indicated that both short (<12 months) and long (60-119 months) interpregnancy interval would had negative effects on birth weights of newborns. Therefore, planning for pregnancy is important for having a good perinatal outcome.
Birth Intervals ; Birth Weight ; Female ; Fetal Macrosomia/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Live Birth ; Macrolides ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To study the willingness and influence factors related to "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy, among the household chefs, and provide reference for government to adjust and optimize the strategy on avian influenza prevention. Methods: According to the geographical characteristics and regional functions, 6 'monitoring stations' were selected from 12 residential districts of Guangzhou, respectively. Another 21 meat markets which selling live poultry, were selected in each station and 5 household chefs of each market were invited to attend a face to face interview. Basic information, personal cognitive, willingness and influencing factors to the policy were under study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used. Results: A total of 664 household chefs underwent the survey and results showed that the rate of support to the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy was 44.6% (296/664). Results from the multi-factor logistic regression showed that those household chefs who were males (OR=1.618, 95% CI: 1.156-2.264, P=0.005), having received higher education (OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.296-2.539, P=0.001), or believing that the existence of live poultry stalls was related to the transmission of avian influenza (OR=1.918, 95% CI: 1.341-2.743, P<0.001) were factors at higher risk. These household chefs also intended to avoid the use of live poultry stalls (OR=1.666, 95%CI: 1.203-2.309, P=0.002) and accept the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy. Conclusion: Detailed study on this subject and, setting up pilot project in some areas as well as prioritizing the education programs for household chefs seemed helpful to the implementation of the 'freezing-fresh poultry' policy.
Animals ; Attitude to Health ; China ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control* ; Male ; Marketing ; Meat-Packing Industry ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pilot Projects ; Poultry/virology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of measles outbreak caused by genotype D8 virus in Pinghu city of Zhejiang province, and provide evidence for the control of the outbreak. Methods: The measles outbreak data were collected through National Measles Surveillance System. The outpatient records and admission records were checked, field investigation and outbreak response were conducted. Blood samples in acute phase and swab specimens were collected from the patients for laboratory testing, including serology test, RNA extraction and amplification, measles virus isolation and genotype identification. Software SPSS 17.0 and Excel 2016 were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 10 confirmed measles cases were reported in Pinghu city, and 8 cases were aged >40 years. Six blood samples were collected, in which 5 were measles D8 virus positive and 1 was negative in measles virus detection. There were epidemiological links among 10 cases which occurred in a factory, a hospital and a family at the same time. There was no statistical difference in symptoms among cases caused by D8 virus and H1a virus. After the emergent measles vaccination, the measles outbreak was effectively controlled. Conclusion: Untimely response due to the uneasy detection of measles cases in the early stage, nosocomial infection and weak barrier of measles immunity in adults might be the main reasons for this outbreak. Measles vaccination is effective in the prevention of measles D8 virus infection. It is necessary to strengthen measles genotype monitoring for the tracing of infection source and control of outbreaks.
Adult ; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Child ; Cross Infection ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genotype ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Measles/virology* ; Measles virus/isolation & purification* ; Outpatients ; Population Surveillance ; RNA, Viral/genetics* ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Objective: To investigate the economic burden of hepatitis C patients and related factors in Guangdong province. Methods: In this study, cluster sampling method was used to select cases, including acute hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis cases from eligible outpatients and inpatients in 1 or 2 large general hospitals in all the 21 cities in Guangdong province. Questionnaire survey was conducted for all the hepatitis C patients to analyze their economic burden, while multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the related influencing factors. Results: A total of 356 hepatitis C patients were enrolled in the study, with 176 outpatients (49.4%) and 180 inpatients (50.6%) respectively. The average age of the study subjects was (44.79±11.73) year-olds. The annual direct economic costs of patients with acute hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis were 10 703.22 (IQR: 7 396.75-16 891.91), 14 886.63 (IQR: 7 274.00-30 228.25) and 28 874.00 (IQR: 13 093.69-56 350.00) Yuan (RMB) respectively. The annual indirect costs appeared as 2 426.99 (IQR: 1 912.18-7 354.52), 3 235.99 (IQR: 1 323.81-6 619.07) and 5 442.35 (IQR: 3 235.99-10 296.33) Yuan (RMB) respectively. The annual intangible costs were 5 000.00 (IQR:2 000.00-10 000.00), 10 000.00 (IQR: 4 000.00-30 000.00) and 10 000.00 (IQR: 3 000.00-100 000.00) Yuan (RMB) respectively. The annual total costs were 22 306.17 (IQR: 14 581.24-50 569.17), 38 050.33 (IQR: 17 449.57-68 319.62) and 80 152.18 (IQR: 40 856.09-228 460.79) Yuan (RMB) respectively. Results from the multiple linear regression analysis showed that factors as: annual hospitalization days, annual number of outpatient visits, annual number of hospitalization, type of disease and the levels of the hospitals were related to the economic burden of patients with hepatitis C. Conclusion: Patients with HCV-related diseases presented serious economic problem which calls for close attention in Guangdong province.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data* ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis C/economics* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology* ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Adenocarcinoma/pathology* ; Papilloma/genetics* ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism* ; Gene Amplification ; Carrier Proteins ; Cytoskeletal Proteins

Objective: To explore the association between maternal respiratory infection in early pregnancy and gestational age of single live birth. Methods: A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among child bearing aged women in 30 counties (district) of Shaanxi province selected through stratified multistage sampling. Propensity score (PS) matched (1∶1) analysis was used to match participants with respiratory infections to those without respiratory infections. A multilevel linear model was used to investigate the association between respiratory infections and gestational age. Through the control of the confounders step by step, three models were established in this study: model 1 for the variable of respiratory infections before PS matching, model 2 was adjusted for variables in model 1 plus some other individual differences of mother and baby, and model 3 for the variable of respiratory infections after PS matching. Results: Of 28 848 child bearing aged women surveyed, 3 676 (12.74%) had respiratory infections in early pregnancy. After PS matching, 2 762 pairs were matched. Analysis with model 1 indicated that a decrease of 0.111 week (P<0.001) in gestational age was associated with a respiratory infection during the first trimester. Analysis with model 2 and model 3 indicated that a decrease of 0.058 week (P=0.025) and a decrease of 0.076 week (P=0.036) were associated with respiratory infection during the first trimester, respectively. Conclusion: The respiratory infection during the first trimester was associated with the decrease of the gestational age of newborn.
Bacterial Infections/epidemiology* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First ; Propensity Score ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology*