Various functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques are used for evaluating prostate cancer including diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and MR spectroscopy. These techniques provide unique information that is helpful to differentiate prostate cancer from non-cancerous tissue and have been proven to improve the diagnostic performance of MRI not only for cancer detection, but also for staging, post-treatment monitoring, and guiding prostate biopsies. However, each functional MR imaging technique also has inherent challenges. Therefore, in order to make accurate diagnoses, it is important to comprehensively understand their advantages and limitations, histologic background related with image findings, and their clinical relevance for evaluating prostate cancer. This article will review the basic principles and clinical significance of functional MR imaging for evaluating prostate cancer.
Contrast Media ; Humans ; Image Enhancement/methods ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliable perfusion parameters in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) for the monitoring antiangiogenic treatment in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice, with U-118 MG tumor, were treated with either saline (n = 3) or antiangiogenic agent (sunitinib, n = 8). Before (day 0) and after (days 2, 8, 15, 25) treatment, DCE examinations using correlations of perfusion parameters (Kep, Kel, and AH from two compartment model; time to peak, initial slope and % enhancement from time-intensity curve analysis) were evaluated. RESULTS: Tumor growth rate was found to be 129% +/- 28 in control group, -33% +/- 11 in four mice with sunitinib-treatment (tumor regression) and 47% +/- 15 in four with sunitinib-treatment (growth retardation). Kep (r = 0.80) and initial slope (r = 0.84) showed strong positive correlation to the initial tumor volume (p < 0.05). In control mice, tumor regression group and growth retardation group animals, Kep (r : 0.75, 0.78, 0.81, 0.69) and initial slope (r : 0.79, 0.65, 0.67, 0.84) showed significant correlation with tumor volume (p < 0.01). In four mice with tumor re-growth, Kep and initial slope increased 20% or greater at earlier (n = 2) than or same periods (n = 2) to when the tumor started to re-grow with 20% or greater growth rate. CONCLUSION: Kep and initial slope may a reliable parameters for monitoring the response of antiangiogenic treatment.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Contrast Media/*diagnostic use ; Female ; Heterografts ; Indoles/*therapeutic use ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Pyrroles/*therapeutic use ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tumor Burden

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of dose reduction on image quality in digital radiography using a flat-panel detector. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital radiographs of 30 rabbits were obtained at two different dose levels (33.23 µGy for the standard dose group and 20.09 µGy for the reduced dose group). The amorphous selenium-based flat-panel detector system had a panel size of 7x8.5 inches, a matrix of 1280x1536 (pixels?), and a pixel pitch of 138 µm. Four observers evaluated the soft-copy images on a high-resolution video monitor (2560x2048x8 bits) in random order. The observers rated the visibility of 13 different anatomic structures on a 5-point scale, viz. the retrocardiac lung, subdiaphragmatic lung, heart border, diaphragmatic border, proximal airway, unobscured lung, liver border, kidney border, bowel gas, flank stripe, ribs, and vertebrae in the mediastinal and abdominal regions. Statistical significance was determined using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the visibility of the anatomic structures on digital radiography between the standard and reduced dose groups. CONCLUSION: Digital radiography using an amorphous selenium-based flat-panel detector can preserve the image quality, even though the does is reduced to 40% of the standard level.
Heart ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Rabbits* ; Radiographic Image Enhancement* ; Ribs ; Selenium ; Spine