Forty eight female Sprague-Dawley rats received a subcutaneous implant containing 12.5 mg estradiol ant the age of 3 weeks. Three rats were killed in 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks and in every month during 2~12 months after implantation, and the breasts were examined by light microscope. In all rats, enlargement of terminal end buds was obseved in 1~2 weeks, maximum development of hyperplastic alveolar nodules in 3 weeks, and marked dilatation and secretion of alveoli or ducts in 1~12 months after implantation. Ductal epithelial hyperplasia was observed in 27 rats and carcinomas developed in 23 rats in 2~12 months after implantation. It was thought that the changes induced by estradiol are more similar to the human breast lesions, compared with changes induced by chemical carcinogens such as dimethylbenzanthracene(DMBA), because breast carcinomas developed in close relationship with ductal epithelial hyperplasia in both estradiol-treated rats and humans, but not in DMBA-treated rats.
Female ; Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Carcinogens

The changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) during cardiopulmonary bypass reflect changes of temperature and gas flow through an oxygenator. The changes in PaCO2 can be reduced through the frequent analysis of arterial blood gases and subsequent adjustment of total gas flow and CO2 concentration in the gas flow or both. Utilizing a capnometer (CAPNOMAC AGM-103. Datex), we compared end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) from the capnometer with temperature corrected PaCO2 during cardiopulmonary bypass. One end of the sampling port of the capnometer was incorporated into the prime port of the arterial reservoir in a bubbling type oxygenator (William-Harvey). When arterial reservoir temperatures of the oxygenator were 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C, PetCO2 from the capnometer was recorded and two arterial blood gas samplings were done at the same temperatures. The results were as follows: 1) The difference of PetCO2 and temperature corrected PaCO2 was below 3 mmHg in all cases. 2) The relationship between PetCO2 and temperature corrected PaCO2 was significantly linear. The results show that continuous monitoring of PetCO2, using a capnometer is useful to control the changes in PaCO2 during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass* ; Gases ; Oxygen ; Oxygenators

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to explore the cyber world immersion experience of adolescents. METHOD: Multiple strategies for data collecting were used: an in depth face-to-face interview; analysis of adolescent` writings; and analysis of examples of phenomenon in the realistic world. The sample group consisted of 10 adolescents. RESULT: Although the experience was different for all adolescent interviewed, the essential themes of experience emerged: "fill up", "homoeologous feeling", "the older generation has a conflicting negative opinion", "change in social character", "become habitually skeptic", "have bad health", "mean of superiority and getting everything solved", "ease of access", "monetary benefit", "addiction to the computer", "forget real life solved stress", "do harm to society", "take comfort", or "new job". CONCLUSION: Accordingly this paper suggests that contact with various software is necessary in adolescents, and good quality contents function to prepare and activate adolescents to apply the internet for good use.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Adult ; *Attitude to Computers ; Humans ; *Internet ; Male

The variant terminal trunk of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) could be confused with the ileocolic artery (ICA) as it runs on the right side of the superior mesenteric vein. If the variant ileal branch of SMA is mistaken for the ICA, unintentional ligation could cause long-segment ischemia in the ileum. We encountered a rare case of ileal ischemia caused by unintentional ligation of the variant ileal branch of the SMA during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy, which was confirmed by indocyanine green (ICG) angiography and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Intraoperative real-time perfusion monitoring using ICG angiography and tissue oxygen saturation monitoring using HSI could help detect segments of hypoperfusion and prevent hypoperfusion-related anastomotic complications.

Metastatic tumors to the heart are far more frequent than primary tumors of the heart. Cardiac metastasis may be detected up to 30 percent of patients with fatal lung cancers. Metastatic cancer to the heart is difficult to suspect. Where cardiac metastasis is diagnosed ante-mortem, signs and symptoms of the primary cancer are usually the presenting features and the presence of cardiac involvement is often incidentally detected. We experienced a case of 35-year-old woman with metastatic lung cancer invading the left atrium via pulmonary vein, which was not proved pathologically. She presented with hemoptysis and chest pain. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated massive cardiac infiltration with tumor and decreased cardiac wall motion, correlating with the chest CT findings, which were also remarkable for the presence of intracardiac mass and direct invasion to adherent pericardium, pulmonary vein and left atrium. We suggest that careful examination of 2D echocardiography can be noninvasive and valuable tool for diagnosis of metastatic cancer to the heart.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Large Cell* ; Chest Pain ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Atria* ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Pericardium ; Pulmonary Veins ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: To compare the spinal enumeration methods that establish the first lumbar vertebra in patients with spinal variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 1446 consecutive patients who had undergone computed tomography of the spine from March 2012 to July 2016, 100 patients (62 men, 38 women; mean age, 47.9 years; age range, 19–88 years) with spinal variants were included. Two radiologists (readers 1 and 2) established the first lumbar vertebra through morphologic analysis of the thoracolumbar junction, and labeled the vertebra by counting in a cranial-to-caudal manner. Inter-observer agreement was established. Additionally, reader 1 detected the 20th vertebra under the assumption that there are 12 thoracic vertebra, and then classified it as a thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, or thoracolumbar transitional vertebra (TLTV), on the basis of morphologic analysis. RESULTS: The first lumbar vertebra, as established by morphologic analysis, was labeled by each reader as the 21st segment in 65.0% of the patients, as the 20th segment in 31.0%, and as the 19th segment in 4.0%. Inter-observer agreement between the two readers in determining the first lumbar vertebra, based on morphologic analysis, was nearly perfect (κ value: 1.00). The 20th vertebra was morphologically classified as a TLTV in 60.0% of the patients, as the first lumbar segment in 31.0%, as the second lumbar segment in 4.0%, and as a thoracic segment in 5.0%. CONCLUSION: The establishment of the first lumbar vertebra using morphologic characteristics of the thoracolumbar junction in patients with spinal variants was consistent with the morphologic traits of vertebral segmentation.
Anatomic Variation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Spine

PURPOSE: To determine the rates at which normal ovaries in women of reproductive age were observed at MRI, as well as differences in the size of a normal ovary and follicles, and the number of follicles, according to age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MRI findings in 46 patients with normal ovaries were retrospectively analysed and proven grossly at surgery and/or pathologically. The detection rate and size of the ovaries, and the number of follicles and size of the largest were determined, and differences were analyzed according to age: under 30, 30-39, and 40 years or over. RESULTS: Among 46 patients, bilateral ovaries were detected in 39 and unilateral ovary in seven. The overall detection rate was 92.4% (85/92), varying according to age. It was 100% (18/18) in those aged under 30, 95% (38/40) in the 30-40 age group, and 85.3% (29/34) among those aged 40 or over. Ovary size ranged between 15 and 50 (average, 24.3) mm and was most commonly 20-30 mm, regardless of age (60%). The average size was 28.8 mm under 30 years of age, 25.3 mm between 30 and 39, and 20.3 mm at age 40 or over (p<0.01). The number of follicles was recorded as 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more, with 10.6%, 23.5%, 18.8% and 47.1% of patients, respectively, assigned to these categories. Among those aged 30-39, ovaries containing five or more follicles were most common, with 83.3% of those under 30 and 47.4% of those aged 30-39 falling into this category. Among patients aged 40 or over, only 24.1% of ovaries contained five or more follicles; most (37.9%) contained three (p<0.05). The size of the largest follicle ranged from 2 to 30 mm and, regardless of age, 5-10-mm follicles were most common (43.5%). There were no significant differences according to age. CONCLUSION: MRI is a useful tool for detecting normal ovaries in women of reproductive age. We found that most normal ovaries were 20-30 mm in size and contained five follicles or more, the largest follicle being 5-10 mm. The size of an ovary and the number of follicles decreased significantly with age.
Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Ovary* ; Retrospective Studies

A biliary cystadenoma (BC) and a cystadenocarcinoma (BCA) are rare neoplasms of the liver. Among 178 patients with primary liver neoplasms who underwent surgery during the last two years at our department, there were only one case of BC and three cases of BCA. The BC case was a 57-year-old female with 15-cm-sized multilocular cystic mass containing mucin. That patient, who had undergone a simple excision of a liver cyst 6 years earlier under the diagnosis of a cystadenoma, received a repeated wedge resection and is still doing well, no recurrence, 41 months after the resection. One BCA case was a 59-year-old female with an 8-cm-sized multilocular cystic mass. She underwent an extended left lobectomy and is still alive, without recurrence, 55 months later. Another BCA case was 77-year-old female with multiple multilocular masses which had degenerated due to sclerotherapy; the masses were removed by a wedge resection. She has been alive 35 months without recurrence. The other BCA case was a 37-year-old female with a 10-cm-sized unilocular mass with lung metastasis. She underwent an extended left lobectomy and survived 22 months. Malignant transformation of a BC to a BCA is well documented, and recurrence is the rule following incomplete resection. Complete resection of a BC and radical resection of a BCA seem to offer a chance for long-term survival.
Adult ; Aged ; Cystadenocarcinoma* ; Cystadenoma* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Sclerotherapy

PURPOSE: Pollinosis is one of the major allergic diseases caused by airborne pollens. Alder and birch pollens are the major sensitizing tree pollens in this country. The immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to each pollen allergen is known to be variable according to the region. We determined the major IgE binding components of these tree pollens in sera of adult patients with allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Allergic rhinitis patients, of whom specific IgE level to birch and/or alder pollens (>10 kU/L by ImmunoCAP) were included. The protein bands of two pollen extracts were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their IgE-binding components were identified by IgE immunoblot analysis. The binding specificity and cross-reactivity between two pollens were evaluated by IgE enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition test. RESULTS: Six IgE binding components were found in birch pollens in which two (14 kDa and 17 kDa) were major components. Two IgE binding components were found in alder pollens in which the 17 kDa was a major component. The IgE binding component to the major allergen component of 17 kDa was observed in 90.3% of the study subjects sensitive to alder pollens and 72.7% of them sensitive to birch pollens. The ELISA inhibition tests showed significant inhibitions with additions of birch/alder pollen extracts. CONCLUSION: We identified two major IgE binding components (17 kDa and 14 kDa) from birch pollens and one component (17 kDa) from alder pollens. Significant cross reactivity was noted between these two pollens.
Adult ; Allergens ; Alnus ; Betula ; Cross Reactions ; Electrophoresis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Pollen ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; Sodium

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) reduces allergen specific IgE (sIgE) levels and achieves clinical and immunological tolerance by modulating innate and adaptive immunological responses. Increased temperature and CO2 concentrations caused by climate changes contribute to an increase of pollen count and allergenicity that influences clinical SIT outcomes. In this study, we investigated the changes of IgE binding components to tree and weed pollens in pollinosis patients who showed a paradoxical increase of serum sIgE level during pollen-SIT. We enrolled nine patients who showed an increasing pattern of serum sIgE level to alder, birch, ragweed and mugwort pollens by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. IgE immunoblot analysis confirmed the intensification or new generation of major IgE binding components that could be induced by climate change. The findings suggest that the regular monitoring of sIgE levels and symptom changes is required to improve the clinical outcomes of SIT in patients undergoing SIT for tree and weed pollens.
Adult ; Climate Change ; *Desensitization, Immunologic ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/*blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pollen/immunology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/*therapy ; Skin Tests ; Young Adult