STUDY DESIGN: Consecutive, prospective, radiographic review of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the change of Cobb angle according to position in AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cobb angle on standing radiographs was corrected spontaneously while the patients were in the supine position. However, there are few reports on Cobb angle in standing versus supine position in AIS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We checked AP plain radiographs of 101 AIS patients, 18 male and 83 female, in standing and supine position. Sixty-three cases were under Risser stage V and 38 were Risser stage V. In standing plain radiograph, 27 cases were in Cobb angle 10-19 degrees, 35 in 20-29 degrees, 15 in 30-39 degrees, and 24 over 40 degrees. According to curve pattern, 31 curves were classified as King type I, 32 as type II, 8 as type III, 11 as type IV, 17 as type V, 1 thoracolumbar curve and 1 lumbar curve. Cobb angle reduction was measured on AP radiographs from each group, according to sex, maturation, Cobb angle and curve pattern. RESULTS: Average reduction of Cobb angle was 8.2 degrees(range, 1-21 degrees ), 6.4 degrees for male and 8.6 degrees for female (p=0.19). The reduction value according to maturation was 8.3 degrees for the growing group and 8.0 degrees for the grown group (p=0.73). The average reduction value in Cobb angle 10-19 degrees was 5.4 degrees(40.3%), 20-29 degrees was 7.1 degrees(30.9%), 30-39 degrees was 8.6 degrees(25.7%) and over 40 degrees was 12.8 degrees (23.6%) (p=0.001). The reduction rate decreased in proportion to Cobb angle measured in standing position. The reduction value was 8.2 degrees in King type I curves, 8.6 degrees in type II, 9.1 degrees in type III, 9.1 degrees in type IV and 6.2 degrees in type V (p=0.238). CONCLUSION: An average 8 degrees Cobb angle reduction in supine position, compared with standing position, can influence treatment strategy in AIS patients, because a Cobb angle change more than 5-6 degrees is a threshold value to decide curve worsening. Thus, serial Cobb angle measurement should be performed in standing position.
Adolescent* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Scoliosis* ; Supine Position

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography(PEFT) using fluorine-18 deoxyglucose(FDG), showing increased FDG uptake and retention in malignant cells, has been proven to be useful in differentiating malignant from benign tissues. We indertook the prospective study to compare the accuracy of the whole-body FDG PET with that of the conventional chest computed tomography(CT) for nodal staging of non-small-cell lung cancers(NSCLC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: FDG PET and contrast enhanced CT were performed in 36 patients with potentially resectable NSCLC. Each Imaging study was evaluated independently, and nodal stations were localized according to the AJCC regional lymph nodes mapping system. Extensive lymph node dissection(1101 nodes) of ipsi- and contralateral mediastinal nodal stations was performed at thoracotomy and/or mediastinoscopy. Image findings were compared with the histopathologic staging results and were analyzed with the McNema test(p) and Kappa value(k). RESULT: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CT for ipsilateral mediastinal nodal staging were 38%, 68%, 25%, 79%, and 61%, and those of PET were 88%, 71%, 47%, 95%, and 75%(p>0.05, K=0.29). When analyzed by individual nodal group(superior, aortopulmonary window, and inferior), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CT were 27%, 82%, 22%, 85%, and 73%, and those of PET were 60%, 87%, 92%, and 82%(p<0.05, k=0.27). CONCLUSION: FDG PET in addition to CT appears to be superior to CT alone for mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancers.
Electrons ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Lymph Nodes ; Mediastinoscopy ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thoracotomy ; Thorax ; Tomography, Emission-Computed

Valuable natural compounds produced by a variety of microorganisms can be used as lead molecules for development of new agrochemicals. Furthermore, high-throughput in vitro screening systems with specific modes of action can increase the probability of discovery of new fungicides. In the current study, a rapid assay tested with various microbes was developed to determine the degree of respiratory inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two different liquid media, YG (containing a fermentable carbon source) and NFYG (containing a non-fermentable carbon source). Based on this system, we screened 100 fungal isolates that were classified into basidiomycetes, to find microbial secondary metabolites that act as respiratory inhibitors. Consequently, of the 100 fungal species tested, the culture broth of an IUM04881 isolate inhibited growth of S. cerevisiae in NFYG medium, but not in YG medium. The result is comparable to that from treatment with kresoxim-methyl used as a control, suggesting that the culture broth of IUM04881 isolate might contain active compounds showing the inhibition activity for respiratory chain. Based on the assay developed in this study and spectroscopic analysis, we isolated and identified an antifungal compound (-)-oudemansin A from culture broth of IUM04881 that is identified as Oudemansiella venosolamellata. This is the first report that (-)-oudemansin A is identified from O. venosolamellata in Korea. Taken together, the development of this assay will accelerate efforts to find and identify natural respiratory inhibitors from various microbes.

PURPOSE: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a symptom complex of vomiting and diarrhea caused by non-IgE mediated allergy to cow's milk and/or soy in young infants. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been reported to protect the epithelial barrier of the gut from foreign antigens. We studied the expression of type 1 and 2 TGF-beta receptors in the mucosa of small intestine to investigate their roles in the pathogenesis of FPIES. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients, aged 7 to 120 days (mean 49 days) who were diagnosed with FPIES by clinical criteria and challenge tests were included. Immunohistochemical stainings for type 1 and 2 TGF-beta receptors were performed on endoscopic duodenal biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Type 1 and 2 TGF-beta receptors were expressed in the villous and crypt epithelial cells but nearly absent in the lamina propria in both patients and controls. Type 1 TGF-beta receptor expression was significantly lower in the patients who had villous atrophy than in the patients who had not and in controls. The expression of type 1 TGF-beta receptor was negatively correlated with the severity of villous atrophy. Type 2 TGF-beta receptor expression showed no significant difference between the patients and controls. CONCLUSION: Our results suggests that the decreased activity of type 1 TGF-beta receptor is implicated in the pathogenesis of FPIES in young infants.
Atrophy ; Biopsy ; Diarrhea ; Enterocolitis* ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Infant ; Intestine, Small ; Milk ; Mucous Membrane ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factors ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: To assess the CT and histological findings after cryoablation in the normal lung of rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After performing chest CT on rabbits, we inserted a cryoneedle toward the lower lobe of the right lung. We performed percutaneous cryoablation that was composed of freeze-thaw-freeze cycles (25 minutes) for group 1 animals and one cycle of variable freezing time (10-20 minutes) for group 2 animals. We measured the longest (Dl) and shortest diameter (Ds) of the ablated zones that were determined after cryoablation for all of the CT images. After cryoablation, we performed a pathological examination. RESULTS: The mean Dl and Ds of the ablated zone was 28.1+/-3.9 mm and 16+/-1.6 mm, respectively, for group 1 rabbits. For group 2 rabbits, the mean Dl and Ds was 28.7+/-6.3 mm and 14.4+/-3.8 mm, respectively, for one cycle of 20 minutes freezing time. Based on the histological findings, the ablated zone was composed of a necrotic, hemorrhagic, and inflammatory area, in order from the center to the outside. Although each area was well differentiated in group 1 rabbits, only freezing for one cycle of 20 minutes for the group 2 rabbits gave the same results as for the group 1 rabbits. CONCLUSION: A total freezing time of at least 20 minutes and two more freeze-thaw-freeze cycles might be important factors for providing a sufficient area of the ablated zone and uniform necrosis during cryoablation.
Animals ; Catheter Ablation ; Cryosurgery ; Cryotherapy ; Freezing ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Necrosis ; Rabbits ; Thorax

This report describes a sclerosing hemangioma of the lung evaluated by MRI. The mass demonstrated hyperintense signal on T1 -weighted, proton density, and T2-weighted spin-echo images. Contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted images showed marked, homogeneous enhancement of the mass. The MR appearance is not specific for sclerosing hemangioma of the lung, as other benign tumors can appear similarly. However, the appearance of homogeneous enhancement within the mass on Gd-DTPA enhanced MR may suggest the diagnosis.
Diagnosis ; Gadolinium DTPA ; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Protons ; Pulmonary Sclerosing Hemangioma*

This report describes a sclerosing hemangioma of the lung evaluated by MRI. The mass demonstrated hyperintense signal on T1 -weighted, proton density, and T2-weighted spin-echo images. Contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted images showed marked, homogeneous enhancement of the mass. The MR appearance is not specific for sclerosing hemangioma of the lung, as other benign tumors can appear similarly. However, the appearance of homogeneous enhancement within the mass on Gd-DTPA enhanced MR may suggest the diagnosis.
Diagnosis ; Gadolinium DTPA ; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Protons ; Pulmonary Sclerosing Hemangioma*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in patients on long-term dialysis and cardiac mortality decreases after renal transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of successful renal transplantation on cardiac structure and function assessed by echocardiography. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eighteen adult chronic renal failure patients who were taken renal transplantation in our hospital were included. They were submitted to two echocardiographic evaluations at preoperative time and postoperative time (mean: 23months). RESULTS: At the time of transplantation, 18 patients had undergone hemodialysis through a fistula (mean: 44months). At postoperative follow up, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine were decreased and mean hemoglobin level was increased. And systolic/diastolic blood pressure were decreased. Left ventricular mass index, left ventricular posterior wall thickness and septal wall thickness were decreased and ejection fraction was increased by echocardiography. Diastolic function did not improve. Hemodialysis duration and preoperative blood urea nitrogen/creatinine level affected ejection fraction change. CONCLUSION: We observed significantly decreased left ventricular mass index, increased ejection fraction after renal transplantation. We found that the patients who had been onlonger hemodialysis and higher preoperative blood urea nitrogen/creatinine level showed marked improvement of ejection fraction buy echocardiography.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cause of Death ; Dialysis ; Echocardiography* ; Fistula ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Mortality ; Renal Dialysis ; Urea

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain is characterized by persistent jaw pain associated with dysfunction and tenderness of the temporomandibular muscles and joints. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with red or black ginseng extract helps in the modulation of inflammatory TMJ pain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220~260 g were used. The experimental group was subdivided into 4 groups based on the treatment method (n=6, each group): formalin (5%, 30 µl), formalin after distilled water (vehicle), formalin after red or black ginseng extract (per oral, single or repeated, respectively). To induce TMJ pain, 30 µl of formalin was injected into the articular cavity under ether inhalation anesthesia. The number of noxious behavioral responses of scratching the facial region proximal to the injection site was recorded for 9 successive 5-min intervals following formalin injection. Repeated treatment with red or black ginseng extract reduced the nociceptive responses in the second phase (11~45 min). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level compared to the vehicle group. In the test for liver and kidney functions, repeated treatment with red or black ginseng was not different compared to the vehicle group. These results indicate that red and black ginseng extract might be promising analgesic agents in the treatment of inflammatory TMJ pain.
Analgesics ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Animals ; Ether ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Jaw ; Joints ; Kidney ; Liver ; Male ; Methods ; Models, Animal* ; Muscles ; Panax* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Temporomandibular Joint* ; Transcription Factors ; Water

A total of 187 endophytic fungi were isolated from 11 plant species, which were collected from 11 locations in Korea. Their antifungal activities were screened in vivo by antifungal bioassays after they were cultured in potato dextrose broth and rice solid media. Antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi such as Magnaporthe grisea (rice blast), Corticium sasaki (rice sheath blight), Botrytis cinerea (tomato gray mold), Phytophthora infestans (tomato late blight), Puccinia recondita (wheat leaf rust), and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (barley powdery mildew) was determined in vivo by observing the inhibition of plant disease development. Twenty (11.7%) endophytic fungi fermentation broths were able to control, by more than 90%, at least one of the six plant diseases tested. Among 187 liquid broths, the F0010 strain isolated from Abies holophylla had the most potent disease control activity; it showed control values of more than 90% against five plant diseases, except for tomato late blight. On the other hand, fourteen (7.5%) solid culture extracts exhibited potent disease control values of more than 90% against one of six plant diseases. The screening results of this study strongly suggested that metabolites of plant endophytic fungi could be good potential sources for screening programs of bioactive natural products.
Abies ; Biological Assay ; Biological Products ; Botrytis ; Fermentation ; Fungi* ; Glucose ; Hand ; Korea ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Magnaporthe ; Mass Screening* ; Phytophthora infestans ; Plant Diseases ; Plants* ; Solanum tuberosum