Objectives: To increase the efficiency of hemodialysis, an appropriate vascular pathway must be created, and its function must be maintained. This study aimed to identify the effects of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) stenosis prevention program on upper muscular strength, blood flow, physiological indexes, and self-efficacy among patients receiving hemodialysis. Methods: The participants were patients receiving hemodialysis at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center in Daegu, Republic of Korea. They were divided into experimental and control groups based on the day of the week they received hemodialysis at the outpatient department and included 25 participants each. The study was conducted for 8 weeks. Results: The AVF stenosis prevention program was effective in improving upper extremity muscle strength (F = 15.23, p < 0.001) and blood flow rate (F = 36.00, p < 0.001). As a result of the program, the phosphorus index level, which is a physiological indicator in hemodialysis patients, decreased (F = 8.64, p < 0.001). Encouragement and support through text messages and practice lists also resulted in an increase in self-efficacy (F = 18.62, p < 0.001). Conclusion The AVF stenosis prevention program in this study resulted in an increase in upper extremity muscle strength through grip strength exercises and was effective in preventing AVF stenosis by increasing the blood flow rate.