PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to determine the relationship between the level of depression and characteristics of headache in elementary school children. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by one thousand and eleven children (510 boys and 501 girls) of grades 4 to 6 in Gwangju city during the period from June 1 to June 30 1999. The relationship between headaches and depressive trends was investigated with the Kovasc & Beck Children's Depression Inventory modified for Korean. Result : The prevalence of headache was 17.5% (17.1% among males, 18% among girls). The mean depressive scores in the headache group was higher than those in control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The depression scores did not differ significantly depending on sex, and family history of headache. The depression scores did not correlate with the onset, location, severity, frequency, duration, and onset pattern of headache. The mean scores of depression in the dull and tightness pattern (17.46+/-7.18) were significantly higher than those of pulsatile and other patterns. The mean scores of depression in the onset time of occurrence of headache were significantly high before school (24.33+/-5.69), at school (15.66+/-6.32, P<0.05). The mean score of depression in the aura was significantly high "inaudible (22.00+/-9.49)" and in the trigger factors was significantly high weather change (16.18+/-6.85, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on our analysis, there is a correlation between depressive trends and characteristics of headache in elementary school children. So, we suggested that depressive trends should be evaluated in children with headache.
Child* ; Depression ; Epilepsy ; Gwangju ; Headache* ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weather

Background: This study investigates the long-term efficacy and safety of evogliptin add-on therapy in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) previously received dapagliflozin and metformin (DAPA/MET) combination. Methods: In this multicenter randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels 7.0% to 10.5% (n=283) previously used DAPA 10 mg plus MET (≥1,000 mg) were randomly assigned to the evogliptin 5 mg once daily or placebo group (1:1). The primary endpoint was the difference in the HbA1c level from baseline at week 24, and exploratory endpoints included the efficacy and safety of evogliptin over 52 weeks (trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04170998). Results: Evogliptin add-on to DAPA/MET therapy was superior in HbA1c reduction compared to placebo at weeks 24 and 52 (least square [LS] mean difference, –0.65% and –0.55%; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.79 to –0.51 and –0.71 to –0.39; P<0.0001). The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7% was higher in the triple combination group at week 52 (32.14% vs. 8.51% in placebo; odds ratio, 5.62; P<0.0001). Evogliptin significantly reduced the fasting glucose levels and mean daily glucose levels with improvement in homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (LS mean difference, 9.04; 95% CI, 1.86 to 16.21; P=0.0138). Adverse events were similar between the groups, and no serious adverse drug reactions were reported in the evogliptin group. Conclusion Long-term triple combination with evogliptin added to DAPA/MET showed superior HbA1c reduction and glycemic control compared to placebo at 52 weeks and was well tolerated.