PURPOSE: To evaluate mammographic and sonographic breast parenchymal changes and the risk of breast cancer in women on hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 50 patients examined with serial mammograms and/or ultrasonograms during HRT. The control group consisted of 50 patients examined with serial mammogram for a routine health check. Mammographic parenchymal changes in both the study and control groups and so- nographic findings of 27/50 patients in study group were evaluated. RESULTS: Follow-up mammogram of the control group showed no interval change or slight evolution of parenchyma with increasing age, but the study group showed increasing parenchymal densities. Most frequently encountered finding on SOhogram in 11 women treated by estrogen alone, was ductal dilatation (7cases ;64%), whereas in 16 women treated by estrogen and progesteron it was ductal epithelial hyperplasia (8 cases; 50%). Overall, four breast cancers developed;one infiltrating ductal carcinoma and three ductal carcinoma in situ. CONCLUSION: HRT causes the changes of breast parenchyma on mammogram and sonogram of postmenopausal women, and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. Therefore, careful and regular examination should be followed in those on postmenopausal HRT.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Dilatation ; Estrogens ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Ultrasonography

Pulmonary vein velocities have recently been estimated in conjunction with mitral flow velocities to increase our understanding o ventricular filling. The advent of transesophageal echocardiography with pulsed Doppler imaging capability has provided a method by which both the mitral valve and pulmonary vein velocities can be easily recorded because of the posterior approach providing unimpeded interrogation of cardiac structures. The purpose of this present study was to evaluate the normal pulmonary venous, mitral and aortic flow pattern by transthoracic echocardiography in neonate according to the postnatal age. The results were as follows. 1) With regard to the aortic flow, the early systolic was of pulmonary flow peaked after the onset of aortic flow and the late systolic wave occured consistently before aortic valve closure. 2) The peak velocities of early systolic, late systolic, late systolic, diastolic and atrial systolic in the pulmonary venous flow were 36.4 (13.2cm/sec, 45.3 (15.3cm/sec, 48.5 (14.1cm/sec and 16.6( 5.7cm/sec at 1 day old. the difference according to the postnatal age was not significant. 3) The ratio of peak systolic to peak distolic velocity of pulmonary venous flow was 1.0( 0.3 at 1 day o1, 1.1( 0.4 at 1 week old and 1.2 (0.3 at 1 month old. The difference between old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.05). 4) The peak early diastolic velocity of mitral flow was 51.3 (15.2cm/sec at 1 day old, 54.7( 13.7cm/sec at 1 week old and 80.7 (16.6cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 5) The peak late diastolic velocity of mitral flow was 48.3 (14.6cm/sec at 1 day old, 50.1( 9.9cm/sec at 1 week old and 71.8 (16.6cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 6) The ratio of peak mitral early diastolic to peak late diastolic velocity was 1.1( 0.2 at 1 day old, 1.1( 0.3 at 1 week old and 1.2( 0.7at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 7) The peak aortic valve flow velocity was 62.1 (14.2cm/sec at 1 day old, 67.8 13.4cm/sec at 1 week old and 76.6 14.1cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.05). In conclusion, improvement of left ventricular diastolic function was noted at 1 month old by echocardiography. These normal data will be useful in comprisons with the data, which obtained in newborn with various congenital heart disease that affects flow dynamics.
Aortic Valve ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Doppler* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mitral Valve ; Pulmonary Veins

The allergic skin test and RAST are used commonly to demonstrate the presence of skin sensitizing IgE antibody in the diagnosis of allergic disease. To evaluate the agreement rate and correlation between results of skin test and RAST (radioallergosorbent test) in allergic subject, 83 allergic childhood with positive skin test (bronchial asthma: 26, allergic rhinitis: 27, atopic dermatitis and urticaria: 6 bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis: 24) and 16 nonallergic childhood were studied. The results were as follows. 1) Peripheral eosinophil counts were significantly elevated in groups with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma & allergic rhinitis except atopic dermatitis & urticaria group in comparison with normal control group. 2) Serum IgE levels were significantly higher in groups with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma & allergic rhinitis than in normal control group except atopic dermatitis & urticaria group but there was no significant differences among study groups. 3) RAST units of D.p and D.f were significantly higher in study group except atopic dermatitis & urticaria group. RAST units of cockroach, however, were not significantly increased but in D.f, combined group of bronchial asthma & allergic rhinitis was significantly higher than bronchial asthma or allergic rhinits (p<0.05). 4) Each agreement rate between 3+ skin test and positive rate of RAST in D.p, D.f, cockroach was 37.5%, 63.6% and 12.5% respectively and 4+ skin test and positive rate of RAST was 84.0%, 89.1% and 38.4%. 5) Correlation coefficient between skin test and RAST was 0.71 in D.P, 0.59 in D.f and 0.23 in cockroach. In conclusion, there was difference in agreement rate between positive skin test and RAST to each allergen. Agreement rate between positive skin test and RAST was higher in D.p and D.f. These results suggest that RAST can be used simultaneously with skin test for detecting allergens.
Allergens ; Asthma ; Cockroaches ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Rhinitis ; Skin Tests* ; Skin* ; Urticaria

For determining the distribution of specific IgE and IgG-subclass antibodies and their role in allergic disorders, we measured the serum levels of specific IgG-subclass and IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) on 60 atopic children, aged between 8 to 12. All of them had positive skin test to Df, and was grouped into three: children with asthma only (group 1), with rhinitis (group 2), and with them together (group 3). Every data were compared with that of 47 nomal children. ELISA (for IgG and IgG-subclass) and RIA (for IgE) were used. The results are as following. 1) Specific IgE-antibody is significantly higher in all three allergic groups, compared with normal control group. But there was no significant difference between three allergy groups. 2) Specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2 IgG4-antibodies were higher than those in normal control group, but IgG3 was not significant. IgG1 and IgG2 were elevated particularly in patients with asthma and rhintis, but IgG4 was elevated in asthma group. 3) The linear correlation between specific IgE and IgG1-antibody was significant (r=0.286), but IgG4 did not have this correlation with IgE. In conclusion, the levels of specific IgE is essential for the diagnosis of allergies, and IgG1 and IgG4 seem to participate in allergic reactions with a different mechanism.
Antibodies ; Asthma ; Child* ; Dermatophagoides farinae* ; Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Pyroglyphidae* ; Rhinitis ; Skin Tests

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional knowledge and eating behavior of elementary school senior students in Incheon area and to develope education program appropriate for them. Questionnaire was developed and distributed to 551 fifth and sixth grade students of fourteen elementary schools in Incheon area. The data was analyzed using ANOVA. According to the results on nutritional knowledge and attitude, senior students were aware of major sources of some nutrients, but didn't seemed to know about the role of some nutrients. Nevertheless, it was favorable that they took various food from major food groups. But the proportion of students skipping breakfast and taking instant food was high. Their table etiquette was not good at home, but attitude for food hygiene was comparatively good. They recognized Korean traditional food more nutritious than fast food. Even though they understood what was right for eating behavior, they didn't practice it correctly. From these results, it seemed that follow-up study or intervention is necessary to improve nutritional knowledge and eating behavior of the students. Qualified teachers, nutrition specialists, are required in order to develop and apply systematic nutrition education program for correcting inappropriate eating behavior of the students. Furthermore, nutrition education for their parents will be more effective.
Breakfast ; Eating* ; Education ; Fast Foods ; Feeding Behavior* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Incheon* ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Specialization

"Food service management without nutrition education in school foodservice is hardly to improve nutritional status of school children. Therefore, this study was attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education. The nutrition education was done for 82 5th grade children of 2 elementary school in Incheon. It has been performed for two month from Sep. 6 to Nov. 11, 1999. Also, to evaluate the effects of nutrition education, subjects were taken pretest for food habit, attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary intake through the questionnaires. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SPSS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The average height and weight for subjects are 141cm and 34.4kg. Most of the subjects had 2 siblings. 83.8% of the subjects has never been taken nutrition education. Otherwise, 85.2% of the subjects responded that they need a nutrition education. 2) For the food habit test results, the posttest mean scores increased. Food habit on vegetables showed significant difference between pretest and posttest(p<0.05). 3) The attitude test did not show the significant difference between pretest and posttest. 4) For the nutrition knowledge test result, the pre and posttest means were 47.59 and 57.12 respectively(p<0.001). 5) The correlations of food habit, attitude, and nutrition knowledge was positive relationship between food habit and attitude in the pre and posttest. 6) Intake frequency of foods increased for the most foods except meat, egg, milk, and drink as compaired pretest with posttest. Cereal, fish, and oil intake was significantly increased. 7) The intakes of most nutrients were increased, among which carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, and vitamin C intakes significantly different after education. The education period of this study was too short to improve their eating behavior and food choice and may need a long-term education and development of materials for nutrition education. "
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Edible Grain ; Child* ; Education* ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Meat ; Milk ; Nutritional Status ; Ovum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Siblings ; Vegetables

The purpose of the study was to investigate the sanitation management status and implementation barriers of the HACCP system. A survey was conducted based on 760 schools through e-mail after having gone through phone interviews to dieticians in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon areas from December 2006 to March 2007. The following statistics were drawn out from the 459 surveys out of the 760, thus giving a response rate of 60.4% (N = 459). The statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS program. 92.6% of the respondents operated sanitary education once a month and 67.1% used internet as their sanitary educational source. 50.5% of the pre-preparation rooms were not divided and 78.0% of kitchen floors were always kept wet. Only 15.7% of the respondents used heat and cold insulators and 73.2% of drinking water was natural or purified water. 60.3% of food trays were electronically sterilized and 70.2% of spoons and chopsticks were sterilized by boiling water. The main cause of food-borne diseases was the lack of facilities and equipment (33.1%). Also, the deficiency of facilities and equipment (4.07 points) acted as an implementation barrier of the HACCP system. Compared to Gyeonggi or Incheon area results, Seoul's facilities and equipment (p < 0.001) and implementing barriers of the HACCP system (p < 0.001) results came out relatively high. After the analysis of the implementation barriers of the HACCP system, 91.7% of school principals said it was difficult to apply the HACCP system due to lack of financial support. In consideration to the school foodservice support, solutions for the facilities of school foodservice and a systematic sanitary education of the HACCP system must be made for the employees and everyone else who are related.
Cold Temperature ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Drinking Water ; Electronic Mail ; Electrons ; Financial Support ; Floors and Floorcoverings ; Foodborne Diseases ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Internet ; Porphyrins ; Sanitation ; Water

No abstract available.
Pseudohypoaldosteronism*

This survey's purpose was to understand the duties of the school dietitians' foodservice management and to identify the uses of preprocessed and processed food in Seoul Metropolitan area schools. The survey was distributed either via e-mail or in person to nutrition teachers and dietitians working at lementry, middle and high shools who participated in training sessions in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon areas from December 2006 until June 2007. Four-hundred fifty-nine out of the total 760 schools that completed the surveys were analyzed. The following summarizes the main duties of school dietitians related to foodservice management: hygiene (100%), nutrition (99.8%), nutrition education (97.2%), cost (96.9%), and food production process control (96.3%). Preprocessed foods were ordered as the following: seafood (2.89)>poultry (2.78)>seeds (2.37). processed foods comprised the following order: pastes (4.94)>kimchi (4.91)>dressing materials (4.50). Based on these results, elementary schools must improve methods for developing effective study materials for nutrition education which are appropriate for each grade.
Electronic Mail ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Ointments ; Seafood

This survey's purpose was to understand the duties of the school dietitians' foodservice management and to identify the uses of preprocessed and processed food in Seoul Metropolitan area schools. The survey was distributed either via e-mail or in person to nutrition teachers and dietitians working at lementry, middle and high shools who participated in training sessions in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon areas from December 2006 until June 2007. Four-hundred fifty-nine out of the total 760 schools that completed the surveys were analyzed. The following summarizes the main duties of school dietitians related to foodservice management: hygiene (100%), nutrition (99.8%), nutrition education (97.2%), cost (96.9%), and food production process control (96.3%). Preprocessed foods were ordered as the following: seafood (2.89)>poultry (2.78)>seeds (2.37). processed foods comprised the following order: pastes (4.94)>kimchi (4.91)>dressing materials (4.50). Based on these results, elementary schools must improve methods for developing effective study materials for nutrition education which are appropriate for each grade.
Electronic Mail ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Ointments ; Seafood