"Food service management without nutrition education in school foodservice is hardly to improve nutritional status of school children. Therefore, this study was attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education. The nutrition education was done for 82 5th grade children of 2 elementary school in Incheon. It has been performed for two month from Sep. 6 to Nov. 11, 1999. Also, to evaluate the effects of nutrition education, subjects were taken pretest for food habit, attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary intake through the questionnaires. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SPSS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The average height and weight for subjects are 141cm and 34.4kg. Most of the subjects had 2 siblings. 83.8% of the subjects has never been taken nutrition education. Otherwise, 85.2% of the subjects responded that they need a nutrition education. 2) For the food habit test results, the posttest mean scores increased. Food habit on vegetables showed significant difference between pretest and posttest(p<0.05). 3) The attitude test did not show the significant difference between pretest and posttest. 4) For the nutrition knowledge test result, the pre and posttest means were 47.59 and 57.12 respectively(p<0.001). 5) The correlations of food habit, attitude, and nutrition knowledge was positive relationship between food habit and attitude in the pre and posttest. 6) Intake frequency of foods increased for the most foods except meat, egg, milk, and drink as compaired pretest with posttest. Cereal, fish, and oil intake was significantly increased. 7) The intakes of most nutrients were increased, among which carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, and vitamin C intakes significantly different after education. The education period of this study was too short to improve their eating behavior and food choice and may need a long-term education and development of materials for nutrition education. "
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Edible Grain ; Child* ; Education* ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Meat ; Milk ; Nutritional Status ; Ovum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Siblings ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the barium enema findings of milk allergy in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of the plain abdominal radiography and barium enema findings was performed in fifteen young infants suffering with milk allergy. The presence of gaseous distension, rectal gas, paralytic ileus and mechanical obstruction was evaluated on the plain radiography. The presence of spasm, a transitional zone, a reversed rectosigmoid index and mucosal irregularity was analyzed on the barium enema; the presence of barium retention was also evaluated on 24-hour-delayed plain radiography. RESULTS: Paralytic ileus was the most common finding on the plain radiography (93%). On the barium enema, continuous spasm of the colon, ranging from the rectum to the descending colon, was revealed in ten infants (67%). A transitional zone was observed in one infant and a reversed rectosigmoid index was revealed in four. Mucosal irregularity was observed in two infants. Barium retention was demonstrated in 11 of fifteen cases: throughout the entire colon (n = 3), from the rectum to the descending colon (n = 7), and up to the transverse colon (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The most common barium enema finding of milk allergy in infants was spasm of the distal colon. The other findings were a transitional zone, a reversed rectosigmoid index, mucosal irregularity and barium retention.
Barium* ; Colitis ; Colon ; Colon, Descending ; Colon, Transverse ; Enema* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction ; Milk Hypersensitivity* ; Milk* ; Radiography ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Rectum ; Retrospective Studies ; Spasm

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the barium enema findings of milk allergy in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of the plain abdominal radiography and barium enema findings was performed in fifteen young infants suffering with milk allergy. The presence of gaseous distension, rectal gas, paralytic ileus and mechanical obstruction was evaluated on the plain radiography. The presence of spasm, a transitional zone, a reversed rectosigmoid index and mucosal irregularity was analyzed on the barium enema; the presence of barium retention was also evaluated on 24-hour-delayed plain radiography. RESULTS: Paralytic ileus was the most common finding on the plain radiography (93%). On the barium enema, continuous spasm of the colon, ranging from the rectum to the descending colon, was revealed in ten infants (67%). A transitional zone was observed in one infant and a reversed rectosigmoid index was revealed in four. Mucosal irregularity was observed in two infants. Barium retention was demonstrated in 11 of fifteen cases: throughout the entire colon (n = 3), from the rectum to the descending colon (n = 7), and up to the transverse colon (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The most common barium enema finding of milk allergy in infants was spasm of the distal colon. The other findings were a transitional zone, a reversed rectosigmoid index, mucosal irregularity and barium retention.
Barium* ; Colitis ; Colon ; Colon, Descending ; Colon, Transverse ; Enema* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction ; Milk Hypersensitivity* ; Milk* ; Radiography ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Rectum ; Retrospective Studies ; Spasm

Neurovascular surgeons have been trying to find a solution to the problem of surgical invasiveness by applying minimally invasive keyhole approaches. A superciliary keyhole approach can be a reasonable alternative to a pterional approach for selected cases of small aneurysms arising at the supraclinoid internal carotid artery, A1 segment, anterior communicating artery, and M1 segment, including the middle cerebral artery bifurcation. The authors describe the surgical technique in detail in addition to the indications, limitations, and advantages of this minimally invasive keyhole approach.
Aneurysm ; Arteries ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive

PURPOSE: The study is designed to develop an educational CD-Program for prevention and control of obesity among primary school students. METHOD: The study is conducted from June 15, 2000 to April 15, 2002. Based on the course of program development suggested by Dick and Cray (1990), the study followed the planning, development, education and evaluation of a program. RESULT: The developed CD-Program consists 2 parts each for lower and higher grades of primary school students. The introduction part of the first trial for lower grade students uses quiz to encourage their motivations, the body proceeds with motion pictures and animations to trigger their interests. The introduction part of the second trial for the lower grades consists of remembering the exhibition lecture. The first trial for higher grades of primary school students builds on the contents of the low grades. Its body part, how to determine obesity and calculate ones own obesity, puts ones own weight and height in by the mouse. For the second trial of the higher grades, the body consists of life-style, diet, and regiments. CONCLUSION: The merits of this CD-Program are that to be possible an interaction between teachers and students.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effect of nerve decompression for restoration of plantar sweating and sensation in diabetic neuropathic feet, and we selected diabetic neuropathic patients with the possibility of overlying entrapmental neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 2002 to May 2003, we have investigated and follow-up examed 10 patients with diabetic neuropathic feet, with decreased sensation in their lower limb, who underwent peripheral nerve decompression. The surgical procedure was multiple neurolysis of the common peroneal nerve, posterior tibial nerve and its three branches of one limb. We compared the operated limb with the opposite, unoperated limb. We performed history taking, physical examination, sweat secretion test, touch sensory test using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments and electrodiagnostic study, pre-operatively and post-operatively. RESULTS: On 6 months after the operation, the post-operative tests showed that there were noticeable improvements to sensation, statistically (P<0.05), but there was no change in the sweat secretion test. According to the Cseuz criteria, 7 patients out of the 10 patients who received the multiple neurolysis showed excellent or good results. CONCLUSION: We observed that the peripheral nerve neurolysis could be benefit for improving sensation and alleviating pain of the diabetic neuropathic feet with nerve entrapmental symptoms, but there was no change in the sweat secretion on short-term follow-up. To identify whether the effect will be continued or not, additional follow-up will be required.
Decompression ; Diabetic Foot* ; Extremities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Nerve Compression Syndromes ; Peripheral Nerves ; Peroneal Nerve ; Physical Examination ; Sensation ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Tibial Nerve

PURPOSE: During differentiation of HL-60 cells by all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA), we analyzed the expression of Fcr receptors and Mac-1 by molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochromes(MESF) and functional studies. METHODS: HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate by adding 1micrometer ATRA. On the 4th and 7th day after stimulation as well as before stimulation, the cells were analyzed for phenotypic and functional differentiation. Phenotypic analysis was performed by flow cytometry after staining the cells with PE-conjugated anti-human CD64(FcrRI), CD32(FcrRII), CD16(FcrRIII), CD11b, CD18. The measured fluorescent intensity was transformed into MESF. Phagocytic activity was measured by flow cytometry after incubation of the cells with fluorochrome-conjugated beads. Respiratory burst was measured by chemiluminescence assay. ADCC was measured by hemoglobin release assay. Opsonophagocytic activity was measured by fungicidal assay. Correlation between MESF of FcrR and Mac-1 and function of HL-60 was measured. RESULTS: Percent positive cells and MESF of CD11b and FcrRI increased on the 4th day and decreased on the 7th day. Percent positive cells of CD18 was 99% regardless of differentiation. But MESF of CD18 was increased on the 4th day and decreased on the 7th day. Percent positive cells of FcrRII were above 90% regardless of differentiation. MESF of FcrRII showed no significant change. FcrRIII expression was not induced. Phagocytic activity of HL-60 cells was increased twofold. Chemiluminescence of HL-60 cells was increased up to 60-fold on the 7th day. ADCC of HL-60 cells was incerased up to 2.5-fold on the 7th day. Opsonophagocytic activity increased twice on the 4th day. ADCC and opsonophagocytic activity correlates with the expression of CD11b/CD18 and FcrRII. CONCLUSION: Differentiation of HL-60 cells with ATRA induces several functional maturations until 7 days with expression of FcrR and Mac-1.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Flow Cytometry ; HL-60 Cells* ; Humans ; Luminescence ; Respiratory Burst ; Tretinoin*

PURPOSE: Fc receptors and Mac-1 play an important role in the protective response of granulocytes and monocytes against microbial infection. FcgammaRl, FcgammaRll, FcgammaRlll as well as CD11b/ CD18 have never been measured in a quantitative way during hemopoiesis. Thus we quantified the expression of Fc Rl, Fc Rll, Fc Rlll, and CD11b/CD18 during hematopoietic differentiation using HL-60 cells, which was induced to differentiate by DMSO, or PMA. METHODS: HL-60 cells (ATCC CCL-240) were induced to differentiate by adding 1.0% DMSO, or 16nM PMA. On the 4th and 7th day after stimulation as well as before stimulation, phenotypic analysis was performed by flow cytometry after staining the cells with PE-conjugated anti- human CD64, CD32, CD16, CD11b, CD18, and isotype controls. And the measured fluorescent intensity was transformed into Molecules of Equivalent Soluble Fluorochromes (MESF). RESULTS: Percent positive cells and MESF of CD11b on HL-60 cells increased upon induction by DMSO, but not by PMA. Percent positive cells of CD18 on HL-60 cells was 99% regardless of differentiation. But MESF of CD18 was increased on the 4th day and decreased on the 7th day by DMSO or PMA. Percent positive cells and MESF of FcgammaRl on HL-60 cells increased upon induction by DMSO or PMA. Percent positive cells of FcgammaRll on HL-60 cells was above 90% regardless of differentiation. MESF of FcgammaRll showed no significant change by DMSO or PMA. CONCLUSION: Quantitative expression of FcgammaRl, FcgammaRll, FcgammaRlll, and CD11b/CD18 of HL-60 cells changed during induction of differentiation by DMSO or PMA. MESF of FcgammaR and CD11b/ CD18 a better indicator than percent positive cells to compare the differentiation of HL-60cells.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Granulocytes ; HL-60 Cells* ; Humans ; Monocytes ; Receptors, Fc

PURPOSE: During hematopoietic differentiation of HL-60 cells by DMSO and PMA, we demonstrated functional changes of HL-60 cells-phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity(ADCC) and opsonophagocytic activity. METHODS: HL-60 cells(ATCC CCL-240), cultured in RPMI 1640 and supplemented with 10% FBS, were induced to differentiate by adding 1.0% DMSO or 16nM PMA. On the 4th and 7th day after stimulation as well as before stimulation, the cells were analyzed for functional differentiation. Phagocytic activity was measured by flow cytometry after incubation of the cells with fluorochrome-conjugated beads. Respiratory burst was measured by chemiluminescence assay. ADCC was measured by hemoglobin release assay. Opsonophagocytic activity was measured by fungicidal assay using Candida albicans. RESULTS: Phagocytic activity of HL-60 cells was not increased by differentiation with DMSO. But PMA induced increase of phagocytic activity on 7th day. Respiratory burst studied by chemiluminescence was increased up to 4-fold on 7th day by DMSO. PMA induced increase upto 3-fold on 4th day. ADCC was increased upto 3-fold on 4th day by DMSO, but PMA induced little increase in ADCC. Opsonophagocytic activity was increased upto 3-fold on 4th day by DMSO or PMA. On differentiation with DMSO, respiratory burst correlates with FcgammaRI and FcgammaRII. ADCC and opsonophagocytic activity correlate with CD11b/CD18. On differentiation with PMA, phagocytic activity correlates with FcgammaRII. Respiratory burst correlates with CD11b. ADCC and opsonophagocytic activity of HL-60 cells correlate with CD18. CONCLUSION: Treatment of HL-60 cells with DMSO or PMA induces functional maturation differently. Phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, ADCC and opsonophagocytic activity of HL-60 cells correlated with expresson of FcgammaR and Mac-1.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Candida albicans ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide* ; Flow Cytometry ; HL-60 Cells* ; Humans ; Luminescence ; Respiratory Burst

Apoptosis is a distinct mechanism of cell death involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Various stimuli, including phagocytosis of bacteria, can induce apoptosis. As the cells proceed through apoptosis, functional activities decline in accord with phenotypic changes. However, decline in functional activities does not mean instantaneous shut-down of all functions, which is rather the characteristic of necrosis. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst are two of the major tasks of mloid cells for engulfment and killing of microbes. It was reported that the myeloid cells which phagocytosed bacteria underwent apoptosis, rendering resolution of acute inflammation. On the contrary, it was known that phagocytosis of latex beads did induce apoptosis. However, we found phagocytosis of latex beads within the apoptotic cell fraction. Thus we investigated whether phagocytosis of latex beads induced apoptosis or apoptotic cells phagocytosed the beads. We used human promyelocytic cell line HL-60 cultured for 4 days in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1 uM all-trans retinoic acid for phagocytic assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by flow cytometry after shaking incubation of HL- 60 cells (5 x 10 cells/ml) with fluorochrome-cougated latex beads for 1 hour at 37C followed by elimination of the un-phagocytosed beads by centrifugation on the density of fetal bovine serum. Apoptotic cells were identified as subdiploid fraction by staining the cells with DNA-dye. To investigate whether phagocytosis of latex beads leads to apoptosis or apoptotic cells phagocytose the beads, the cells wbich had phagocytosed the beads were sequentially analyzed before and after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation. On the other hand, the apoptotic cell fraction was sorted to be analyzed for phagocytic activity. The sorted cells were also analyzed by chemiluminescence assay for capability of oxidative burst by stimulation with PMA (5 mM). The results showed little increase in the apoptotic fraction among phagocytic cells during incubation up to 24 hours. Rather the sorted apoptotic cells did phagocytose latex beads. But the sorted cells did not show any capability of oxidative burst. Taken these results into consideration, the apoptotic cells seemed to be on the way of dying process in which oxidative burst was lost while phagocytic activity remained. Thus it was suggested that the primitive function of phagocytosis remained longer in the cells proceeding through apoptosis, while oxidative bunt, requiring mitochondrial function, was lost earlier.
Apoptosis ; Bacteria ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Centrifugation ; Flow Cytometry ; Hand ; Homicide ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Luminescence ; Microspheres ; Myeloid Cells ; Necrosis ; Pathologic Processes ; Phagocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Respiratory Burst ; Tretinoin