Massage and acupressure in gymnastics and sports are parts of the exercise procedure leading to high performance. Massage promotes the capacity of all functional organ, improves gradually the activity of central nervous system, of internal organs and visceral mechanisms, prepairs physically and mentally to prevent overloading and traumas. Massage and acupressure are also combined approaches to treat sportive injuries, aiding the rehabilitation of sportive capacity and achivities
Massage ; Acupressure ; Gymnastics

Gymnastics ; physiology ; Humans ; Workload

This study was accompolished to analyze and compare the number and area of the occlusal contact points in healthy volunteers and athletes with normal occlusion. For this study, 15 athletes(13 amles and 2 females with average age 20) and 21 healthy volunteers(14 mles and 7 females with average age 20.09) were selected. The visual display acquired by scanning of occlusal record in maximal intercuspation was converted into 16 gray value image. Then, using computer program (J &Lee Occlusal Analyser), the pixel which was in definite range of the gray value was recognized, and the numbers of recognized pixel were claculated to area. The results were as follows ; 1. The average numbers of total occlusal contact points were 31.05 in control group, and 34.67 in athlete group. The average area of total occlusal contacts was 100.25mm2in control group, and 127.78mm2in athlete group. 2. In control group, the average numbers of occlusal contact points were revealed in order as follows ; the first molar(8.48), the second molar(8.24), the second premolar(4.71), the lateral incisor(2.90), the first premor(2.43), the central incisor(2.19), and the canine(2.1). The least average in canine(2.1) was similar to the average(2.19) in central incisor and (2.09) in lateral incisor. In athlete group, the average numbers of occlusal contact points were revealed in order as follows ; the first molar(8.87), the second molar(8.47), the second premolar(5.60), the canine(3.80), the lateral incisor(3.33), the first premolar(2.67), and the central insicor(1.93). 3. In control group, the average areas of occlusal contact surface were revealed in order as follows ; the first molar(39.47mm2), the second molar(37.54mm2), the second premolar(9.54mm2) the first premolar(6.18mm2), canine(3.49mm2), the central incisor(3.7mm2), and the central incisor(2.25mm2). 4. With aging in both control and athlete group, there was a decreasing tendancy in average number of occlusal contact point, and was an increasing tendancy in average area of occlusal contact surface. In comparison at each age, both the numbers and area of occlusal contact were greater in athlete group than in control group. It was not significant in the numbers of occlusal contact points beween athlete and control group(p>0.1), but significant in the area of occlusal contact surface(p<0.05). 5. In comparision as to the kind of sports(Gymnastics : 2, Rugby : 3, Soccor : 5, Ice hocky : 5), the numbers of occlusal contact points were the most in ice hocky, and the area of occlusal contact surface was the greatest in gymnastics. With increasing a career in athlete group, there was a decreasing tendancy in average numbers of occiusal contact points and was an increasing tendancy in average area of occlusal contact surface. 6. By T-scan analyzing, the contact numbers on the anterior teeth were greater in control group than in athlete group, and on the posterior teeth were greater in athlete group than in control group. And the results acquired by T-scan were lesser than that caquired by the silicone bite records. It was not significant in the posterior teeth, but significant in the anterior teeth. In T-scan records, the numbers of occlusal contact points on second molar were the greatest, but in the silicone records, the numbers on first molar were the greatest.
Aging ; Athletes* ; Female ; Football ; Gymnastics ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Ice ; Incisor ; Molar ; Silicones ; Tooth ; Volunteers*

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of QiGong gymnastics exercise program in the physiopsychological parameter inessential hypertension. The design of the research was a one group pretest-posttest design. A total of 20 patients with hypertension who were from forty to sixty-five years old participated in the study. The Qi Gong gymnastics program was carried out twice a week for thirty minutes or forty minutes for six weeks from 22, Sep. to 31, Oct. in 1997. In order to evaluate the effect of the QiGong gymnastics program physiological parameter(blood pressure, pulse rate, FVC, FEV1, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol) and psychological parameter(self-efficacy, Life satisfaction) were measured before and after the exercise program. Collected data was analyzed by the paired t-test with SAS package. The result are as follows: 1) There were significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure, but there was no significant change in pulse rate. 2) There were no significant difference in FVC and FEV1. 3) There were significant decrease in epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol. 4) There were significant improved in general self-efficacy and life satisfaction. 5) The effect of QiGong gymnastics program by measurement time on blood pressure and pulse rate were as follows: In a systolic blood pressure was gradually significant decreased from 1 week to 6 weeks and diastolic blood pressure was significantly decreased after 4 weeks. But there was no significant in pulse rate. This results suggest that QiGong gymnastics are an appropriate nursing intervention for clients with hypertension. For further research is necessary to reevaluate the effect with a letter experimental design and longer period than 8 weeks for the QiGong gymnastics program.
Blood Pressure ; Epinephrine ; Gymnastics* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypertension* ; Norepinephrine ; Nursing ; Qi* ; Qigong* ; Research Design

OBJECTIVETo probe into eliminating action of mild moxibustion combined with cupping therapy on athletic fatigue.

METHODSObserve changes of serum creatine kinase activity in gym-athletes with once great intensity training or periodic great intensity training, and the interfering effect of mild moxibustion combined with cupping therapy.

RESULTSThe mild moxibustion combined with cupping therapy has a significant promoting action on recovery of the increased serum creatine kinase activity induced by once great intensity training or periodic great intensity training in gym-athletes.

CONCLUSIONThe method has a better action of eliminating athletic fatigue.

Acupuncture Points ; Adolescent ; Child ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Female ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Moxibustion

The polar sports tester made in Finland as one of the most widespread instruments in physical training is of importance for sports training. In this paper, we have developed a set of system for analysis of physical training workload using the measured data of the Polar Sports Tester, and have established a set of analysis indices and reports of the physical training workload, including five categories and 127 quantitative indices. It can reflect the distribution of physical workload and provide a series of parameters for coaches to direct scientific training and raise sport level.
Adaptation, Physiological ; physiology ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Physical Endurance ; physiology ; Software ; Sports ; physiology

PURPOSE: The first aim of this study was to retrospectively survey sports injuries among 608 athletes participating in 26 sport events. The second aim was to compare the characteristics of sports injuries depending on the occurrences during the high school and university periods.METHODS: The data were collected based on the daily injury report form proposed by the International Olympic Committee from March to June 2019.RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-nine athletes (313 men) of 608 participated athletes experienced a total of 747 sports injuries, indicating 0.7 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (AEs). The incidence rate during the university period was 6.1 injuries/1,000 AEs, which was approximately two-fold higher than that during the high school period (2.8 injuries/1,000 AEs). The reported frequency of injuries was the highest among long distance athletics (n=60, 8.0%), and in each subgroup as well.CONCLUSION: Many more injuries were incurred during practice wherein injuries in long-distance athletics were the most common than in competition athletics; handball injuries and taekwondo injuries were the most common during high school and university, respectively. The most contact injuries occurred in taekwondo and most noncontact injuries occurred in gymnastics during high school and in badminton during university. The most commonly affected body parts were the knee, shoulder, and ankle. Severe injuries were the most frequent in long distance athletics, and emergent situations were the most common in taekwondo.
Ankle ; Athletes ; Athletic Injuries ; Gymnastics ; Human Body ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee ; Racquet Sports ; Retrospective Studies ; Shoulder ; Sports

OBJECTIVES: Though AIDS is one of the most serious and world-wide health problem, there have been developed no effective control measure but individually oriented prevention. This study was performed to help preparing the efficient control program for college student who are sexually active, considered as a risk group for HIV infection. METHODS: Subjects were 852 college students of one university in Gyungsangnam-do. From September to October 2001, questionnaire survey on the students' knowledge and attitude, and status of health education about AIDS (HEAIDS) was done. Collected data was analyzed using SAS (ver 6.21) program. RESULTS: The subjects were freshman (52.1%) and enrollment (47.9%), with department of medicine (19.1%), nursing (25.8%), health administration (9.1%), business (11.4%), chemical (16.2%), food (8.8%), gymnastics (9.5%). Though about 90% of them agreed with the necessity of HEAIDS, half of them (54.7%) had no experience of HEAIDS and most (88.1%) of them considered it had been insufficient. The informations about AIDS was acquired mainly from TV newspaper (73.0%), but partly from specified health education (16.1%). They have no experience of unsafe sexual contact (96.1%), however, they considered that they can have accidental sexual contact (22.7%) in the future. Response for intention to use of preventative condom use was certainly (66.7%) and questionable (33.3%). About the knowledges on HIV infection and transmission, most of them knew relatively well about no curative medicine (94.8%), infected by sexual contact (85.7%), common use of needle (96.4%), transfusion (95.2%), transplantation (89.8%), longitudinal infection (88.7%). However, the correct answer rate was relatively low in clinical spectrum; can maintain normal life with medical care (31.0%), and some transmission route; kiss (46.9%), cough sneezing (45.8%), common use of bowl towl (49.1%) and bath (43.4%), insect like mosquitos (49.1%), razor (35.4%). The mean level of the knowledges on HIV infection and transmission was 67.5 and 71.6 out of a possible 100, respectively. The knowledge level (p=0.003) and certainty to use of preventable condom use (p=0.001) was higher in HEAIDS experienced group. Experiences to HEAIDS was more in enrollment (50.5%) than freshman (40.5%) (p=0.004), medicine (51.4%) than health (32.1%) and general (41.9%) by department group (p=0.001). With regard to the attitudes on HIV infection, they didn't agreed with 'had intention to check themselves for HIV infection (94.2%)', 'case or suspected case can attend to same school with my children (71.8%)', 'had intention to join in clinical trial of new regimen for AIDS (74.4%)'. CONCLUSIONS: This result showed that present status of HEAIDS for college students is still insufficient. Because the knowledges and attitudes about AIDS are influenced by HEAIDS, professional and efficient education program would be emphasized on the practical level for health protection, eg, preventative condom use. This study has also another meanings to reveal the positive effect and to recall the motive for individual-based prevention
Baths ; Child ; Commerce ; Condoms ; Cough ; Culicidae ; Education ; Gymnastics ; Health Education ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Insects ; Intention ; Needles ; Periodicals ; Nursing ; Sneezing

Epidemilologic information about various syndromes in low back pain has been regarded by Vert Mooney as one of the important sources for establishing prognosis and providing a rationale for therapy. Several risk factors about low back pain and injuries were analyzed through a questionnaire filled out by 172 athletes of various kind of sports including students and professional players. The following results were obtained. 1. Types of sports were associated with the incidence of low back injuries and gymnastics were included in high risk groups (p<0.01). 2. Career is also associated with the incidence of low back injuries (p<0.05). 3. Pain pattern, such as anterior element pain or posterior element pain is also associated with the particular type of sport(p<0.001). 4. Over-use has been suspected as a main cause of sports injury in 37.8% of athletes. Neglect of warming-up, psychologic attitudes and chronic accumulation of micro-trauma have been also suspected (p<0.001). 5. Management of pain was expected to be received from physiotherapists by 34.2%, from coaches or fellow sportsmen by 24.6%, from an acupuncturist by 17.5%, from doctors by 9.7%, and from trainers by 14% of athletes. However 66.7% of the professional players wanted to receive management of pain from trainers (p<0.001).
Athletes ; Athletic Injuries ; Back Injuries ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Low Back Pain ; Physical Therapists ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Sports

The purpose of this study was to investigate the life style, self-efficacy, and bone marrow Density(BMD) in osteoporosis female patients. The subjects were recruited at the four Osteoporosis Clinics. A Convenience sample of 190 women completed a survey instrument which included the Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Life Style Questionnaire and demographic items. BMD of L4 was measured by Dual Photon Absor photiometry. The sample ranged in age from 40 to 82 years (Mean=60.28). Eighty-one percent were married and 14.9% were widowed. Forty-four percent lived with spouse and children. Excercise, diet, medication, alcohol consumption, and smoking were measured to investigate the life style. Fifty-seven percent of the subjects exercised regularly. Mountain climbing, brisk walking, and free gymnastics were frequently cited exercises by the subjects in the study. Sixty percent drank one cup of milk and 34.7% had 1.13 cups of coffee in a day. Thirty-nine percent used calcium supplements, 9.5% drank alcohol, and 3.2% smoked cigarettes. Economic status and education level were related to self-efficacy. Age, Economic status, and education level were related to BMD. As a life style, exercise, diet(milk, ice cream, and coffee), and medication(calcium) were associated with self-efficacy. The subjects who exercised regularly and took calcium supplements for a longer time had a higher level of self-efficacy that those who did not. Smoking and alcohol consumption had no relationship with self-efficacy. Excercise, Medication(calcium), and alcohol consumption were related to BMD. The subjects who took calcium supplements for a longer time had a higher level of BMD. Alcohol consumption was not related to self-efficacy but related to BMD. The subject who drank alcohol had a higher level of BMD than those who did not drink. The amount of alcohol consumption was positively related to BMD.
Alcohol Drinking ; Bone Marrow ; Calcium ; Child ; Coffee ; Diet ; Education ; Exercise ; Female ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Ice Cream ; Life Style* ; Milk ; Osteoporosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spouses ; Tobacco Products ; Walking ; Widowhood