We present a novel technique to approach far lateral lumbar pathologies using a bitubular, biportal endoscopic system and a paramedian approach. Background: Conventional approaches for lumbar far lateral discectomy range from open approaches to newer minimally invasive approaches such as tubular discectomy and single portal endoscopic discectomy. We present a case of a patient suffering with a left L3–4 and left L4–5 extraforaminal disc herniation who was treated successfully with a left sided bitubular, biportal endoscopic 2 level far lateral discectomy. A paramedian ‘bitubular’ biportal endoscopic approach is safe and effective for far lateral lumbar pathologies with excellent visualisation due to good outflow of irrigation fluid.

We present a novel technique to approach far lateral lumbar pathologies using a bitubular, biportal endoscopic system and a paramedian approach. Background: Conventional approaches for lumbar far lateral discectomy range from open approaches to newer minimally invasive approaches such as tubular discectomy and single portal endoscopic discectomy. We present a case of a patient suffering with a left L3–4 and left L4–5 extraforaminal disc herniation who was treated successfully with a left sided bitubular, biportal endoscopic 2 level far lateral discectomy. A paramedian ‘bitubular’ biportal endoscopic approach is safe and effective for far lateral lumbar pathologies with excellent visualisation due to good outflow of irrigation fluid.

We present a novel technique to approach far lateral lumbar pathologies using a bitubular, biportal endoscopic system and a paramedian approach. Background: Conventional approaches for lumbar far lateral discectomy range from open approaches to newer minimally invasive approaches such as tubular discectomy and single portal endoscopic discectomy. We present a case of a patient suffering with a left L3–4 and left L4–5 extraforaminal disc herniation who was treated successfully with a left sided bitubular, biportal endoscopic 2 level far lateral discectomy. A paramedian ‘bitubular’ biportal endoscopic approach is safe and effective for far lateral lumbar pathologies with excellent visualisation due to good outflow of irrigation fluid.

Objective: Cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are considered complications after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Several hypotheses involving platelet activation have been asserted in the pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm and DCI. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) on symptomatic vasospasm and DCI in patients with aSAH. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients with aSAH from 2009 to 2018. The patients are divided into 2 groups according to the treatment method such as simple or balloon-assisted coil embolization group (SB coiling), and stent-assisted coil embolization group. Patients treated by SB coiling without DAPT were classified as the control group. Patients who required dual antiplatelet treatment due to stent-assisted coil embolization were classified as DAPT group. The incidence of symptomatic vasospasm and DCI was compared between the two groups. Results: Of 743 patients with aSAH, 563 patients were treated with clipping, 115 patients treated with SB coiling, and 65 patients receive stent-assisted coiling. Among 115 patients underwent SB coiling, 14 patients were excluded by the exclusion criteria. Total number of control group (SB coiling) was 101, DAPT group (stent-assisted coiling) was 65. Depending on whether or not taking DAPT, the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm was lower in the DAPT group (p=0.010). DCI incidence was also lower in the DAPT group, which was statistically significant (p=0.029). Conclusions DAPT reduces the frequency of symptomatic vasospasm and DCI in patients with aSAH in our single-center study. To warranting this topic, further, larger prospective and randomized studies should be needed.