From March in 1991, central photorefractive keratectomy(CPRK) have performed to correct the 700 myopic eyes. With the example of 310 eyes posibly observed over 6 months after CPRK, studed whether it was corrected by retrospective examining. Especilly in the study of 150 patients collected by answering sheet then studied how discomfort they took through complication, and analyzed the cause of change and Indivisual degree of sansfaction with their myopic degree and postoperative permd. This study led to a conclusion that the milder myopia and the longer postoperative period, the more patients sansfaction increased. This is because the change of refractive power become stable and corneal haze decresase with time, Futhermore we dunk that corneal haze and regression occur more frequently in higher myopla, The CPRK is promising surgical treatment for patients with higher myopia but considerable further investigation and longer-term studies are needed to increase satisfaction.
Glare ; Humans ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Myopia ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies

A schwannoma is a benign neoplasm that is composed of a relative pure proliferation of Schwann cell and constitutes 1% of orbital tumors. Most series report patient age between 20 and 50 year. There was no case report with the schwannoma of nenonate in the domestic and the abroad except two cases in the childhood age group. We experienced a schwannoma which diagnosed by microscopic and immunohistochemical S-100 protein stain in neonate who does not open his eye and present a case with a review of the literature.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Neurilemmoma* ; Orbit* ; S100 Proteins

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Lymphocytes* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium*

Objectives: This study examined ways to promote desirable eating habits by choosing foods with low sugar contents and provide nutrition education in adolescents. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey. The sugar reduction perception and knowledge, sugary food preference, and intake frequency of 487 male and female high school students in Incheon were analyzed comparatively. Results: Approximately 94.9% and 94.5% of the subjects were unaware of the promotion of a sugar reduction policy and the sugar reduction in the basic guidelines for school meals, respectively. Approximately 95% of them had not received any sugar reduction nutrition education, and 90% were not interested in sugar reduction. The perception for sugar reduction was significantly higher in girls (3.43 out of 5 points) than in boys (3.16 out of 5 points) (P < 0.001). Knowledge about sugar was 3.65 out of 6 points in girls and 3.04 points in boys (P < 0.001). The preference and intake frequency for fruits of the total students were 4.24 out of 5 points and 2.56, respectively.For beverages, the preference was significantly higher in boys (3.97 points) than in girls (3.70 points) (P < 0.001), and the intake frequency was significantly higher in boys (2.26 points) than in girls (2.08 points) (P < 0.001). The preference for snacks was significantly higher for girls (4.19 points) than boys (4.02 points) (P < 0.01), and the intake frequency was 2.22 points in boys and 2.17 in girls, showing no significant difference. Sugar reduction perception and knowledge about sugar showed significant negative correlations with the snack intake frequency (r = -0.11, P < 0.05; -0.13, P < 0.05) after adjusting for gender, grade, and body mass index. Conclusions The high school students' perception of sugar reduction was very low, and there was a significant correlation with sugary food intake, suggesting that the sugary food intake will decrease as the sugar reduction perception and knowledge about sugar increase.

Objectives: This study examined ways to promote desirable eating habits by choosing foods with low sugar contents and provide nutrition education in adolescents. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey. The sugar reduction perception and knowledge, sugary food preference, and intake frequency of 487 male and female high school students in Incheon were analyzed comparatively. Results: Approximately 94.9% and 94.5% of the subjects were unaware of the promotion of a sugar reduction policy and the sugar reduction in the basic guidelines for school meals, respectively. Approximately 95% of them had not received any sugar reduction nutrition education, and 90% were not interested in sugar reduction. The perception for sugar reduction was significantly higher in girls (3.43 out of 5 points) than in boys (3.16 out of 5 points) (P < 0.001). Knowledge about sugar was 3.65 out of 6 points in girls and 3.04 points in boys (P < 0.001). The preference and intake frequency for fruits of the total students were 4.24 out of 5 points and 2.56, respectively.For beverages, the preference was significantly higher in boys (3.97 points) than in girls (3.70 points) (P < 0.001), and the intake frequency was significantly higher in boys (2.26 points) than in girls (2.08 points) (P < 0.001). The preference for snacks was significantly higher for girls (4.19 points) than boys (4.02 points) (P < 0.01), and the intake frequency was 2.22 points in boys and 2.17 in girls, showing no significant difference. Sugar reduction perception and knowledge about sugar showed significant negative correlations with the snack intake frequency (r = -0.11, P < 0.05; -0.13, P < 0.05) after adjusting for gender, grade, and body mass index. Conclusions The high school students' perception of sugar reduction was very low, and there was a significant correlation with sugary food intake, suggesting that the sugary food intake will decrease as the sugar reduction perception and knowledge about sugar increase.

Background: Despite the autologous serum skin test (ASST)and autologous plasma skin test (APST) is widely used test accessingwhether a patient with chronic spontaneous urticaria(CSU) has autoreactivity or not, the clinician often encounterdifficulty making correlation between the test result and clinicalimplications. Objective: This study was aimed to findany clinical and laboratory findings related to the ASST andAPST response. Agreement and correlation between the twotests was also analyzed. Methods: A retrospective study wasconducted on 300 CSU patients who underwent ASST, APST.The subjects were divided into four groups according to theskin test result. Also, the degree of serum and plasma responsewas recorded. Results: Both ASST and APST positivegroup had shorter duration of the disease, higher incidenceof at least one episode of angioedema than negative group.There were no significant differences in the positivity for autoantibodiesincluding antinuclear, ds-DNA, and thyroid-relatedbetween the two groups. The predicted positive rate ofASST and APST according to age showed bimodal peak and decreasing pattern according to disease duration. Predictedpositivity of both tests declined with increase in total immunoglobulineE (IgE) level. In the correlation study, the twotests showed high correlation coefficients. Conclusion ASSTand APST positivity may be related to disease duration andseverity of CSU. The two tests showed a generally consistentresult. Autoreactivity may be gradually lost as disease continues.We suggest the autoreactivity in CSU could arise independentlyfrom IgE mediated immune process.

OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we aimed to develop an oral examination smart chart application for tablet personal computers (PC). We evaluated the time required to perform an oral examination and assessed the degree of user's convenience by using this application. We determined to make our application cost and human resource effective by automatically computerizing the statistics to facilitate its application in oral health services such as national oral health research. The development of this application for tablet PCs was aimed at recording the results of oral examinations. METHODS: We produced flow charts and designed the program screen, which would replace the existing paper chart. To evaluate the efficiency of the application, 1 preventive dentistry professor and 6 dentistry students performed an oral examination on 41 subjects. We performed the oral examination in duplicate using a tablet PC and a paper chart. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The time required for oral examination by the study group (the group using the application) and the control group (the group using paper) were 131.93+/-10.14 and 151.85+/-7.77, respectively; the difference between these values was statistically significant (P-value=0.002). The oral examination could be performed faster in the study group (the group using the application) than in the control group; therefore, we noted that the time taken for oral examination was reduced by using the application. CONCLUSIONS: The tablet-based system has been shown to save time by omitting the step of entering the paper chart data into a computer. Further, the findings of this study can be used to establish an oral health index database with the help of additional resources. Moreover, it would facilitate creating awareness among the patients with regard to their oral health indices through the use of visual aids.
Audiovisual Aids ; Dentistry ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Humans ; Microcomputers ; Oral Health ; Preventive Dentistry

BACKGROUND: It has been known that bed rest after spinal anesthesia for benign anorectal surgery helps to reduce the incidence of postdural puncture headache, but the bed rest position is thought to have a negative effect on urinary retention, as a result of anxiety, anal distention, bladder distention and pain-induced reflex inhibition of the urinary bladder detrusor muscle. We investigate the effect of early ambulation after spinal anesthesia on postdural puncture headache and on urinary retention compared with bed rest for 24 hours. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-three ASA Physical Status I patients received spinal anesthesia for scheduled benign anorectal surgery. We applied hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine 6 mg (1.2 ml) using 25 gauge Quincke needles with the cutting bevel parallel to the dural fibers at the patients' sitting position. All patients were randomly divided into an early ambulation group or bed rest group. We investigated the incidence of urinary retention and headache. The duration of operation, the perioperative intravenous fluid volume, surgical technique and postoperative pain regimen were standardized. RESULTS: The incidence of urinary retention in the early ambulation group (16/75, 21.3%) was lower than that in bed rest group (32/78, 41.0%). There was no difference in any parameters between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the incidence of urinary retention, early ambulation after spinal anesthesia for benign anorectal surgery is recommended over bed rest with no increase in the incidence of postdural puncture headache.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anxiety ; Bed Rest ; Early Ambulation* ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Needles ; Pain, Postoperative ; Post-Dural Puncture Headache ; Reflex ; Tetracaine ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Retention*

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to identify factors determining the purchase of private health insurance under the mandatory National Health Insurance(NHI) system in Korea. METHODS: The data were collected by the National Cancer Center in Korea. It includes cancer patients who were newly diagnosed with stomach (ICD code, C16), lung(C33-C34), liver (C22), colorectal cancer(C18-C20) or breast(C50) cancer. Data were gathered from the hospital Order Communication System (OCS), medical records, and face-to-face interviews, using a structured questionnaire. Clinical, socio-demographic and private health insurance related factors were also gathered. RESULTS: Overall, 43.9% of patients had purchased one or more private health insurance schemes related to cancer, with an average monthly premium of won 65,311 and an average benefit amount of won 19 million. Females, younger aged, high income earners, national health insurers and metropolitan citizens were more likely to purchase private health insurance than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: About half of Korean people have supplementary private health insurance and their benefits are sufficient to cover the out-of-pocket fees required for cancer treatment, but inequality remains in the purchase of private health insurance. Further studies are needed to investigate the impacts of private health insurance on NHI, and the relationship between cancer patients' burden and benefits.
Questionnaires ; *Private Sector ; *Neoplasms ; National Health Programs ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Korea ; Insurance, Health/*utilization ; Humans ; Female ; *Decision Making ; Aged ; Adult

BACKGROUND: It is necessary to reduce hyperexcitable sensations induced by painful stimulus by preventing central sensitization, so called preemptive analgesia. We observed the effect of butorphanol on postoperative pain after hysterectomy so as to direct analgesic action based on elucidation of the preemptive effect. METHODS: We selected thirty-six patients undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy, ASA Physical Status I or II, and employed a double-blind cross-over design. Patients were randomly allocated to one of both groups, receiving intravenous butorphanol 2 mg, either preincisionally or postoperatively. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. Patients received meperidine on request for postoperative pain. Patients checked the VAS of spontaneous incisional pain and movement-associated pain by themselves.The time of first demand for postoperative meperidine and the amount of postoperative meperidine for the first 6 hours and 6 to 48 hours were recorded. RESULTS: At 5 hours after surgery, the postoperative VAS score of the preincisional group was lower than that of the postoperative group, and at 24 hours after surgery, the former was also lower than the latter. The first time of demand for postoperative meperidine was earlier in the postoperative group than in the preincisional group. The amount of meperidine for the postoperative first 6 hours was less in the preincisional group than in the postoperative group. CONCLUSIONS: Preincisional intravenous butorphanol reduced the intensity of spontaneous incisional pain and movement-associated pain, regarded as a preemptive effect of butorpahnol, in the early postoperative period.
Analgesia* ; Anesthesia ; Butorphanol* ; Central Nervous System Sensitization ; Cross-Over Studies ; Humans ; Hysterectomy* ; Isoflurane ; Meperidine ; Pain, Postoperative ; Postoperative Period ; Sensation ; Thiopental