It is reported that the recurrence rate in intermittent exotropia is 20-50%. In this study, we evaluated whether the recurrence is reduced with asymmetric recession of bilateral lateral recti(LROU) in intermittent exotropia.Twenty-nine patients underwent the asymmetric LROU recession for intermittent exotropia with follow-up of 6-54 months. The amount of recession of lateral rectus muscle in deviating eye was 2mm more than in the fixating eye. Immediate postoperative overcorrection, the rate of orthophotia, and the occurrence of consecutive esotropia(ET) were analysed.The mean amount of immediate postoperative esodeviation was 16.5+/-7.4PD(0-34PD); four patients showed 0-4PD, 18 patients 11-20PD, and 7 patients showed considerable amount of ET as high as 21-30PD. Consecutive EToccurred in 6.8% of patients despite large amounts of postoeprative ET. The outcome of orthophoria was favorable, in 93.1% of patients in follow up of 6 months, 85.1% in 12 months and 78.5% in 24 months.This study suggests that asymmetric LROU recession is an effective procedure for the correction of intermittent exotropia.
Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Recurrence

No abstract available.
Blood Coagulation*

No abstract available.
Granuloma, Foreign-Body*

Good compliance of patching therapy is essential to improve visual acuity in amblyopia. The author investigated the compliance and effective method of occlusion therapy for amblyopia by questionair given to the patients and their parents. For better compliance and the duration of patching and the best time for its performance should be controlled according to patients' character and age. It was shown that the younger the age, the better the compliance of patching therapy. It was important that early diagnosis for amblyopia made and early treatment should be initiated before 6 years of age, beeause the compliance of patching therapy was much decreased in patients above six years of age. Physicians should ensure full understanding of amblyopia in patients and their parents, especially mothers, before patching therapy begins. Continued and steady patching could considerably improve visual acuity in ehildren older than eight years of age.
Amblyopia* ; Compliance* ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parents ; Visual Acuity

Iron-induced oxidative stress has been emphasized in the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies on the distribution of iron in the parkinsonian postmortem brain have demonstrated that iron deposition is selectively increased in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). This study was done to examine the alteration of nigral iron and ferritin in an animal model of parkinsonism and to understand the role of disturbed iron metabolism as a cause of PD. Hemiparkinsonian model was made by stereotaxically injecting 6-OHDA into the SN of Sprague-Dawley rats. We measured the content and distribution of iron by Perls' staining, and ferritin by immunohistochemical method in the SN. The H & E. cresyl violet, and immunocytochemical stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein, tomato lectin, and cabonic anhydrase-II were done to characterize the exact cell types. Iron content was markedly increased in the hemiparkinsonian model of SNc, not reticulate where normally more iron is distributed. The increased ferritin immunoreactivity was located in the same iron rich area of SNc. The cells with increased iron and ferritin were mainly astrocytes and microglias. 6-OHDA injection into SN resulted in increased free iron and ferritin immunoreactivity, suggesting that iron is important participant in oxidative cell death in PD. We think that increased ferritin in 6 OHDA lesioned SN argues against the hypothesis that decreased ferritin is a prerequisite for the free radical mediated death of nigral neurons in this model.
Animals ; Astrocytes ; Brain ; Cell Death ; Ferritins* ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Iron* ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Metabolism ; Microglia ; Models, Animal ; Neurons ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxidopamine* ; Parkinson Disease ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substantia Nigra ; Viola

No abstract available.
Dermatitis, Contact*

BACKGROUND: Frailty, a multidimensional geriatric syndrome, confers a high risk of falls, disability, hospitalization, and mortality. The prevalence and correlates of frailty in older people dwelling in rural communities are unknown. METHODS: We examined frailty, as defined by the Korean Geriatric Society, and social correlates among rural community-dwelling older adults (n=419) aged 65 or older. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty and prefrailty was 11.5% and 38.7%, respectively. Among eight frailty criteria, the prevalence of multiple medications was highest (57.3%), while self-rated health as "unhealthy" was the second highest (45.1%). In contrast, the prevalence of exhaustion was the lowest (10%) among the eight frailty criteria. The prevalence of frailty was 12.6% among women and 6.3% among men (p=0.02). Uneducated older adults showed a significantly higher prevalence of frailty (13.1%) than any other educational groups (6.3-9.2%). In addition, older adults with high social support showed lower frailty than the other groups. After adjustment for other factors; however, a lack of social support (odds ratio for frailty, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.44) was associated with increased odds of frailty. CONCLUSION: Frailty is not uncommon among rural community-dwelling old men and women in Korea. In the rural community, females with a lack of social support might be at a higher risk of frailty, as those were two of the strongest risk factors discovered in this study. This study calls for more interest and concern for the frail older adults with a lack of social support in rural communities.
Adult* ; Aged ; Female ; Frail Elderly ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of the Korean Enneagram program on college nursing students' ego-identity, interpersonal relationships and self-leadership. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was used. Twenty-nine students were in the experimental group receiving the Korean Enneagram program, and 28 were in the control group with no treatment. RESULTS: 'The experimental group will show higher scores for ego-identity (t=3.97, p<.001), interpersonal relationship (t=3.26, p=.002) and self-leadership (t=2.91, p=.007) compared to the control group 8 weeks after the program finished' was supported by significant differences in the scores between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the Korean Enneagram Program has a significant effect on improving ego-identity, interpersonal skills and self-leadership in nursing college students and the program can be used as a tool to promote the ego-identity, interpersonal skills and self-leadership of nursing students.
Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing

No abstract available.
Adult ; Hidradenitis ; Humans

Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) is a 28-amino acid hormone with potent natriuretic effect and diuretic one. ANP wag originally thought to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume. However, recent studies have indicated that ANP has much wider physiologic roles, such as the regulation of mitoses, the secretion of thyroglobulin, the production of cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous fluid formation. This peptide hag been detected in the anterior uvea, retina and corneal endothelium. It was reported that ANP decreased intraocular pressure and aqueous humor formation. However the distribution of ANP in the eye was not clearly confirmed. This study was carried out to localize the immunoreactive ANP in the rat eye. The distribution of alpha-ANP in the rat eye was studied by immunohistochemistry using a polychnal antibody against synthetic rat alpha-ANP. Immunoreactive ANP was localized intensely in the epithelium of the ciliary body. ANP immunoreactivity was also strong in the corneal endothelium, iris and in the anterior epithelium of the lens. The immunoreactivity was observed in the nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer in the retina. These data clearly confirm that ANP is widerly distributed and that it takes part in diverse functions in the rat eye.
Animals ; Aqueous Humor ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Volume ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Ciliary Body ; Endothelium, Corneal ; Epithelium ; Ganglion Cysts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intraocular Pressure ; Iris ; Mitosis ; Natriuretic Agents ; Nerve Fibers ; Rats* ; Retina ; Thyroglobulin ; Uvea