This study was done to provide basic data on prevention of breast cancer by identifying and analyzing risk factors for breast cancer in Korean women. The data were collected from three hospitals. The data from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1997 was based on the patient recordings and personal contacts if possible. Data from 1998 to 1999 was collected from 280 inpatients and outpatients diagnosed as breast cancer. From this data, information about the risk factors of breast cancer could be acquired. The factors are scaled according to the degree of risk. Menstrual history, obstetrical history, family history, lactation period, life style were given 5 point, and body mass index was given 4 point. Using one-way ANOVA, the most important risk factors were identified and analyzed by multiple regression. The conclusion of this study are as follows: General factors which would show an effect on the results of the multiple regression included risk factors such as menstrual history, obstetrical history, lactation period, family history, and life style factors including mortal state, monthly income, educational level, job and age. Family history(R=0.481) was found to be the highest risk factor(23.1%) affecting breast cancer risk. The next factors were dying hair(R=0.603), drinking(R=0.846), body mass index(R=0.885), smoking(R= 0.916), age of menopause(R=0.937), pregnancy age of first full-term(R=0.957), eating vegetable(R=0.980) and the number of full term pregnancies in that order. The sum total(R=0.986) of all the above factors accounted for 97.3% of the risk of breast cancer for Korean women. In conclusion, it was found that family history and dyeing hair were the highest risk factors for breast cancer. It is recommended that those with a family history of breast cancer should have regular breast examinations, and those who often dye their hair should reconsider this practice.
Body Mass Index ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Eating ; Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Korea* ; Lactation ; Learning* ; Life Style ; Nursing* ; Outpatients ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

This study is the descriptive survey to provide basic data for nursing intervention to pain management of cancer patients by finding more effective way to manage pain with recognize pain level and pain characteristics. To achieve the purpose of this study, the subjects of this study are 110 male or female gastro intestinal tract patients who are older than twenty, are hospitalized in Pusan University Hospital from 1995. 5. 28 to 1995. 9. 25 and have had medical treatment. The modified pain assessment of cancer patients of Cornne, H. Rosermary, M. was used as the tool of study with 16 questionnaires. The pain score consists of sensory intensity score and distress score. The data was analyzed by the SPSS statistical program number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, One Way Anova and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were utilized for analysis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In population-sociological characteristics: in the age-range of subject, the sixties are most as 32.7% and the subjects after the forties are 89.5%, in sex of subjects, male patients are 66.4% and female 33.6%, in the number of family, the subjects who has 4 or above families are 70% and the subjects who live with their spouse, sons and daughters are 54.5% 2. In the disease characteristics: Stomach cancer patients were most as 39.1%. And the most of patient who had never been operated before. In time of pain, the most of subjects were intermittent. In the type of pain, the most of subjects were "dully pain" as 31.8%. Metastatic subjects were 30.0%. In the origin of pain, nervous pressure was 50.8%. The number of complication was 46 and most of complication are obstruction as 6%. 3. In the pain level, 91 subjects complained pain. And mean pain score was 287.1+/-116.1. The mean pain score of female subjects was higher than that of male subjects. 4. In the pain characteristics, the pain began usually at meal time as 40.7%. the duration of pain was mostly from 1 month to 3 months as 57.1%. The appetite was mainly concerned with the pain as 31.8%. The etiology of pain was usually tumor as 69.3%. The meaning of pain was incurable disease as 14.5%, anxiety, death and suffering. 5. The 56(61%) of 91 subjects were treated with Analgesic pain management. The kinds of Analgesic is usually valentac as 46.4%. The medication was usually intramuscle as 66.1% at whenever necessary. Response of Analgesic after Medication was usually "moderate release". The side effects of medication were nausea as 26.8%. The average amount of morphine dosage hospitalized to cancer patients with pain was 80mg in a day and metastatic cancer patients with pain was 101.9mg in a day. 6. In the relation between the disease characteristics and pain level, there is a significant statistical difference: Whether subjects had been operated or not: (t=2.88, P=0.005), time of pain is (t=3.34, P=0.005), stage of metastatic(F=9.323, P=0.0002), and type of pain(F=4.013, P=0.0008). In the pain level of diagnosis, Colon cancer was 353.3+/-81.7(F=2.34, P=0.049), the origin of pain, nerve pressure 316.3+/-98.5(F=2.44, P=0.045). In the complication, ascites and obstruction 324.9+/-96.8(T=2.60, P=0.04).
Anxiety ; Appetite ; Ascites ; Busan ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Morphine ; Nausea ; Neuralgia ; Nuclear Family ; Nursing ; Pain Management* ; Pain Measurement ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spouses ; Stomach Neoplasms

Eighty-four patients with unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma due either to locally advanced lesion or to association with liver cirrhosis were treated with combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia from April 1988 to January 1991. Purpose of this study was to assess thermometry, response rate, toxicity, and survival in those patients. External radiotherapy was given with a total of 30.6 Gy/3.5 wks. Hyperthermia was given twice a week with a total of 6 treatment sessions using an 8 MHz radiofrequency capacitive type heating machine. Each hyperthermia session was started within 30 min following radiotherapy and continued for 30-60 min. Thermal data were analysed with maximum, minimum, and average temperatures of the tumors. Thermal mapping was also done. In thermometry results, maximum, minimum, and average temperatures of the tumors were 41.9 +/- 1.3 degrees C, 39.9 +/- 1.0 degrees C, and 40.8 +/- 0.9 degrees C, respectively. The fraction over 40 degrees C was 73 +/- 32% with a wide variation from 15% to 100%. Among 67 assessable patients, 27 patients showed tumor regression of more than 50% of the original tumor volume (40.3% response rate). Symptomatic improvement was observed in 78.6% of the patients. Acute toxicities during the treatment were mostly acceptable local pain (51.2%) and local fat necrosis (13.1%). The actuarial 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates were 44.8%, 19.7%, and 15.6%, respectively. Median survival was 6 months. In view of acceptable toxicities and the current rate of survival, further evaluation of combined treatment of radiotherapy and hyperthermia for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma is warranted.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Human ; *Hyperthermia, Induced ; Liver Neoplasms/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Age ; Remission Induction

Between August 1988 and December 1991, 24 patients with intracranial tumors were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery(RS) using a 10 MV linear accelerator at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine. There were 5 meningiomas, 3 craniopharyngiomas, 9 glial tumors, 2 solitary metastases, 2 acoustic neurinomas, 2 pineal tumors, and 1 non-Hodgkin's Iymphoma. Ten patients were treated as primary treatment after diagnosis with stereotactic biopsy or neuroimaging study. Nine patients underwent RS for post-op. residual tumors and three patients as a salvage treatment for recurrence after external irradiation. Two patients received RS as a boost followed by fractionated conventional radiotherapy. Among sixteen patients who were followed more than 6 months with neuroimage, seven patients (2 meningiomas, 4 benign glial tumors, one non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) showed complete response on neuroimage after RS and nine patients showed decreased tumor size. There was no acute treatment related side reaction. Late complications include three patients with symptomatic peritumoral braid edema and one craniopharyngioma with optic chiasmal injury. Through this early experience, we conclude that stereotactically directed single high doses of irradiation to the small intracranial tumors is effective for tumor control. However, in order to define the role of radiosurgery in the management of intracranial tumors, we should get the long-term results available to demonstrate the benefits versus potential complications of this therapeutic modality.
Biopsy ; Craniopharyngioma ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Humans ; Meningioma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Neuroimaging ; Neuroma, Acoustic ; Optic Chiasm ; Particle Accelerators* ; Pinealoma ; Radiosurgery* ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the potential role of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The preliminary results on the efficacy and the toxicity of 3D-CRT are reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients were enrolled in this study, which was conducted prospectively from January 1995 to June 1997. The exclusion criteria included the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis of Child-Pugh classification C, tumors occupying more than two thirds of the entire liver, and a performance status of more than 3 on the ECOG scale. Two patients were treated with radiotherapy only while the remaining 15 were treated with combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiotherapy was given to the field including the tumor plus a 1.5 cm margin using a 3D-CRT technique. The radiation dose ranged from 36~60 Gy (median; 59.4 Gy). Tumor response was based on a radiological examination such as the CT scan, MR imaging, and hepatic artery angiography at 4~8 weeks following the completion of treatment. The acute and subacute toxicities were monitored. RESULTS: An objective response was observed in 11 out of 17 patients, giving a response rate of 64.7%. The actuarial survival rate at 2 years was 21.2% from the start of radiotherapy (median survival; 19 months). Six patients developed a distant metastasis consisting of a lung metastasis in 5 patients and bone metastasis in one. The complications related to 3D-CRT were gastro-duodenitis (>or= grade 2) in 2 patients. There were no treatment related deaths and radiation induced hepatitis. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results show that 3D-CRT is a reliable and effective treatment modality for primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma compared to other conventional modalities. Further studies to evaluate the definitive role of the 3D-CRT technique in the treatment of primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma are needed.
Angiography ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Classification ; Hepatic Artery ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Lung ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prospective Studies ; Radiotherapy ; Radiotherapy, Conformal* ; Survival Rate ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: The best prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma can be achieved with surgical resection. However, the number of resected cases is limited due to the advanced lesion or associated liver disease. A trial of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE) and local radiotherapy(RT) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) was prospectively conducted and its efficacy and toxicity were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1992 to 1994, 30 patients with unresectable HCC due either to advanced lesion or to associated cirrhosis were entered in the study.Exclusion criteria included the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis of Child's class C, tumors occupying more than two- thirds of the whole liver, and an ECOG scale of more than 3. Patient characteristics were:mean tumor size 8.95 +/- 3.4cm, serum AFP + in all patients, portal vein thrombosis in 11 patients, liver cirrhosis in 22 patients, and UICC stage III and IVA in 10 and 20 patients, respectively. TACE was performed with the mixture of Lipiodol(5ml) and Adriamycin(50mg) and Gelfoam embolization. RT(mean dose 44.0 +/-9.3Gy) was followed within 7- 10 days with conventional fractionation. RESULTS: An objective response was observed in 19 patients(63.3%). Survival rates at 1,2, and 3 years were 67%, 33.3% and 22.2%, respectively. Median survival was 17 months. There were 6 patients surviving more than 3 years. Distant metastasis occurred in 10 patients, with 8 in the lung only and 2in both lung and bone. Toxicity included transient elevation of liver function test in all patients, fever in 20,thrombocytopenia in 4, and nausea and vomiting in 1. There was no treatment-related death. CONCLUSION: Combined TACE and RT appear to produce a favorable response and survival results with minimal toxicity.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Fever ; Fibrosis ; Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Function Tests ; Lung ; Nausea ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Radiotherapy* ; Survival Rate ; Venous Thrombosis ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: The best prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma can be achieved with surgical resection. However, the number of resected cases is limited due to the advanced lesion or associated liver disease. A trial of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE) and local radiotherapy(RT) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) was prospectively conducted and its efficacy and toxicity were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1992 to 1994, 30 patients with unresectable HCC due either to advanced lesion or to associated cirrhosis were entered in the study.Exclusion criteria included the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis of Child's class C, tumors occupying more than two- thirds of the whole liver, and an ECOG scale of more than 3. Patient characteristics were:mean tumor size 8.95 +/- 3.4cm, serum AFP + in all patients, portal vein thrombosis in 11 patients, liver cirrhosis in 22 patients, and UICC stage III and IVA in 10 and 20 patients, respectively. TACE was performed with the mixture of Lipiodol(5ml) and Adriamycin(50mg) and Gelfoam embolization. RT(mean dose 44.0 +/-9.3Gy) was followed within 7- 10 days with conventional fractionation. RESULTS: An objective response was observed in 19 patients(63.3%). Survival rates at 1,2, and 3 years were 67%, 33.3% and 22.2%, respectively. Median survival was 17 months. There were 6 patients surviving more than 3 years. Distant metastasis occurred in 10 patients, with 8 in the lung only and 2in both lung and bone. Toxicity included transient elevation of liver function test in all patients, fever in 20,thrombocytopenia in 4, and nausea and vomiting in 1. There was no treatment-related death. CONCLUSION: Combined TACE and RT appear to produce a favorable response and survival results with minimal toxicity.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Fever ; Fibrosis ; Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Function Tests ; Lung ; Nausea ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Radiotherapy* ; Survival Rate ; Venous Thrombosis ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been actively performed for the treatment of unresectable or inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. However, for the patients with treatment failure after TACE, few options are available for salvage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of local radiotherapy as a salvage moda- lity for treatment failure after TACE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1993 to December 1997, 27 patients were included in this study. Exclusion criteria included the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis of Childs class C, tumors occupying more than two thirds of the entire liver, and performance status on the ECOG scale of more than 3. Mean tumor size was 7.2+/- 2.9 cm. Liver cirrhosis was associated in 10 patients. Portal vein thrombosis was presented in 5 patients. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was positive in 8 patients. According to VICC staging, the number of patients in III and IVA were 17 and 10, respectively. Treatment failure to TACE was evaluated by CT scan and angiography. Radiotherapy was given to the field including tumor with generous margin using 10-MV X-ray. Mean tumor dose was 51.8+-7.9 Gy in daily 1.8 Gy fractions. Tumor response was based on CT scans 4~6 weeks following completion of treatment. RESULTS: An objective response was observed in 16 of 24 patients who were possible to be evaluated, giving a response rate of 66.7%. Survival rates after salvage radiotherapy at 1, 2, 3 years were 55.9%, 35.7%, and 21.4%, respectively. The median survival was 14 months. Six patients among responders are surviving at present. Acute toxicity included G1 elevation of AST/ALT in 4 patients, G2 thrombocytopenia in 2, G2 hyperbilirubinemia in 5, and G2 hypoalbuminemia in 3. During follow-up, 4 patients developed ascites. At 6 months after treatment, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcer were developed in 2 and 1 patient, respectively. CONCLUSION: Local radiotherapy for treatment failure after TACE in hepatocellular carci- noma appears to be a feasible and effective salvage modality. It gives a 66.7% response rate with a median survival of 14 months. Acute toxicity was self-limiting and manageable. Gastric and duodenal ulcer were significant toxicities after treatment. Further studies are required to find optimal methods of radiotherapy to minimize toxicity.
alpha-Fetoproteins ; Angiography ; Ascites ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Child ; Duodenal Ulcer ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Noma ; Radiotherapy* ; Stomach Ulcer ; Survival Rate ; Thrombocytopenia ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Failure ; Venous Thrombosis

Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a comparatively rare condition. Although both autoimmune hepatitis and SLE can share common autoimmune features such as polyarthralgia, hypergammaglobulinemia and positive ANA, it has been considered as two different entities. We report a case of anti-LKM1 positive autoimmune hepatitis who developed SLE two years later. The presence of interface hepatitis with lymphoplasma cell infiltrates and rosette formation points to the autoimmune hepatitis rather than SLE hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis is infrequently accompanied by SLE, therefore, it could be recommended to investigate for SLE in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis ; Autoantibodies/*analysis ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune/complications/*diagnosis/immunology ; Humans ; Liver/pathology ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/*diagnosis/immunology ; Young Adult

A patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) developed synchronous bone metastasis with metachronous relapses to the bone and renal fossa. The primary lesion was initially removed surgically, and the metastatic bone lesions and locally recurrent tumours were treated by a high-fractional dose and high-total-dose intensitymodulated radiotherapy (IMRT, 60 Gy at 2.5 Gy per fraction) without significant side effects. All the grossly relapsed tumors underwent complete remission (CR) within a short time after IMRT. To date, CR has been maintained for more than two years. This case study reports the successful treatment of radioresistant RCC using a new scheme that involves a fractionation regimen with a high precision radiotherapy.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology/*radiotherapy ; Dose Fractionation ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms/pathology/*radiotherapy ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology/*radiotherapy ; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated