Murine norovirus (MNV) is a non-enveloped virus with a positive-sense RNA genome and causes lethal infection in mice. MNV has been used as a model virus for human norovirus (NV) whose in vitro cell culture system has not been available to date since MNV and NV are genetically related. In this study, the genome replication of MNV was investigated using strand-specific RT-PCR in RAW264.7 cells. Reverse transcription (RT) using a sense primer followed by PCR showed that negative-sense RNAs were first detected in RAW264.7 cells between 6 and 9 [3 and 6] hours post infection (h.p.i.). However, these negative-sense RNAs were not detected when cells were treated with a translation inhibitor cycloheximide. Then, RT with an antisense primer followed by PCR was performed to detect positive-sense RNAs. RT-PCR results revealed that the amount of positive-sense RNAs began to increase from 9 [6] h.p.i., indicating the accumulation of the newly synthesized (+)RNA genome. Furthermore, cycloheximide abrogated the increase of newly made RNAs during MNV infection. In conclusion, strand-specific RT-PCR using a sense or antisense primer, in combination with cycloheximide treatment, enabled us to detect positive-sense and negative-sense RNAs selectively and provided a useful tool to understand the replication cycle of MNV.
Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cycloheximide ; Genome ; Humans ; Mice ; Norovirus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA ; Viruses

BACKGROUND: Death from uterine cervical cancer could be preventable by an active participation of women at risk in a screening program such as the Papanicolaou test. In order to examine the presence of socioeconomic disparity in preventable deaths, we evaluated the time trends of cervical cancer mortality by socioeconomic status in Korean women. METHODS: We selected level of educational attainment and marital status as surrogate indices of socioeconomic status. Using death certificate data and Korean Population and Housing Census data from Korea National Statistical office, we calculated age-standardized yearly mortality rates from cervical cancer between 1998 and 2009 according to the level of education as well as marital status. RESULTS: Cervical cancer mortality peaked in 2003 and then decreased gradually over time. Cervical cancer mortality was the highest in the group with the lowest level of educational attainment in all age groups and the gap between the lowest and the highest educational level has increased over time. Cervical cancer mortality was lower in married women than unmarried women in all age groups, and the degree of difference did not change over time. CONCLUSION: In the Korean population, socioeconomic differential in cervical cancer mortality has persisted over time.
Censuses ; Death Certificates ; Educational Status ; Female ; Housing ; Humans ; Korea ; Marital Status ; Mass Screening ; Single Person ; Social Class ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaginal Smears

Gastritis cystica polyposa is an uncommon lesion that usually occurs at the gastroenterostomy site, but it may also develop in the non-operated stomach. This malady is characterized by polypoid mucosal changes with hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of glands that infiltrate into the submucosal layer. We report here on a case of gastritis cystica polyposa that presented as a mass impacted in the duodenum in a 63-year-old male, and this patient had been admitted for evaluation of progressive epigastric fullness and dyspepsia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed that the partial duodenal obstruction was caused by impaction of a huge polypoid mass with a stalk that originated from the lower body of the stomach. We fished out the impacted mass with a forceps catheter while holding the neck with a snare catheter. Thereafter, an endoloop was applied to the stalk of mass, and this was followed by polypectomy using a snare catheter.
Catheters ; Dilatation ; Duodenal Obstruction ; Duodenum ; Dyspepsia ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Gastritis ; Gastroenterostomy ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; SNARE Proteins ; Stomach ; Surgical Instruments

BACKGROUND: Metformin, sulfonylurea, and dietary fiber are known to affect gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This open and single-arm pilot trial investigated the effects of the additional use of fiber on glycemic parameters, insulin, incretins, and microbiota in patients with T2DM who had been treated with metformin and sulfonylurea. METHODS: Participants took fiber for 4 weeks and stopped for the next 4 weeks. Glycemic parameters, insulin, incretins during mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level, and fecal microbiota were analyzed at weeks 0, 4, and 8. The first tertile of difference in glucose area under the curve during MMTT between weeks 0 and 4 was defined as ‘responders’ and the third as ‘nonresponders,’ respectively. RESULTS: In all 10 participants, the peak incretin levels during MMTT were higher and LPS were lower at week 4 as compared with at baseline. While the insulin sensitivity of the ‘responders’ increased at week 4, that of the ‘nonresponders’ showed opposite results. However, the results were not statistically significant. In all participants, metabolically unfavorable microbiota decreased at week 4 and were restored at week 8. At baseline, metabolically hostile bacteria were more abundant in the ‘nonresponders.’ In ‘responders,’ Roseburia intestinalis increased at week 4. CONCLUSION: While dietary fiber did not induce additional changes in glycemic parameters, it showed a trend of improvement in insulin sensitivity in ‘responders.’ Even if patients are already receiving diabetes treatment, the additional administration of fiber can lead to additional benefits in the treatment of diabetes.
Bacteria ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dietary Fiber ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Glucose ; Humans ; Incretins ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Metformin ; Microbiota ; Sulfonylurea Compounds

BACKGROUND: Since the pathologic findings of Crohn's disease (CD) and intestinal tuberculosis (IT) overlap to a large degree, the development of other biomarkers will be of great help for making the differential diagnosis of these 2 diseases. The aim of the present study is to examine the clinical efficacy of using the tissue angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) assay in making the differential diagnosis between CD and IT. METHODS: Tissue specimens were obtained from 36 patients who were diagnosed with CD or IT by the colonoscopic biopsy, as well as by the clinical findings. The expression of tissue ACE was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The optimal cut-off value of the immunoreactive scoring (IRS) system we used to differentiate CD from IT was determined by analysis of the ROC curve and AUROC. RESULTS: Granuloma was present in 15 of 19 patients with CD (78.9%) and in 15 of 17 patients with IT (88.2%). ACE was present in the cytoplasm of the epithelioid cells in the granulomas from 13 of 15 patients with CD and in 14 of 15 patients with IT. The IRS scores of ACE were greater in the patients with CD than that of the patients with IT (8.07+/-4.38 vs. 4.13+/-2.47, respectively, p=0.006). In differentiating CD from IT, the AUROC curve for the IRS of ACE was 0.767 with a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 93.3% and the cut-off point was 7.5. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that the assessment of the tissue ACE expression can be helpful for making the differential diagnosis between CD and IT.
Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/*diagnosis/enzymology/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/*metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Humans ; Granuloma/pathology ; Female ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/enzymology/pathology ; Colonoscopy ; Biological Markers ; Aged ; Adult ; Adolescent