To evaluate the refractive error and glasses wering state, we performed screening eye examination on elementary school children living in rural area. Among 1254 shcool children(male : 542, female : 712), 352(28.1%) children were emmetropia and 902(71.9%) children ametropia. Three hundred ninety two(72.3%) of 542 male students and 510(71.6%) of 712 female students were not emmetropia. There was no statistical significance in sexual difference of refractive errors. As refractive errors, 38.3%(481) were myopia, 27.8%(348) hyperopia, and 5.8%(73( mixed astigmatism respectively. In diopteric distribution of refractive errors, refractive error under +/-2.0D was 72.0%(650/902). Among children with refractive errors, 333(36.9%) children did not require glasses, but rest of childfen needed glasses. Three hundred nine(34.3%) children did not wear glasses inspite of refractive errors, 33(3.7%) children were wearing incorrect glasses and 2 children were wearing glasses unnecessarily. In children, early eye examination is essential for their eye health. Therefore attention to early eye examination and correct glasses wearing seem to be very important especially for child living in rural area.
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Emmetropia ; Eyeglasses ; Female ; Glass ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

The Flash Light Emitted Diode Flash Visual Evoked Potential(Flash VEP) is useful when patients are unable to cooperate sufficiently for a Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potential(RP-VEP). In order to evaluate the clinical utility of Flash VEP, we performed the PR-VEP and Flash VEP in 208 eyes of 104 normal persons. The average P100 latency(LaP100) was analyzed according to check size, age, sex, and the laterality of the eye. The LaP100 of PR-VEP stimulated with 8 X 8(120' X 96'), 16 X 16(60' X 48'), 32 X 32 (30' X 24') and 64 X 64(15' X 12') check size were 98.88 +/- 7.57msec(mean S.D msec) , 97.68 +/- 7.44msec, 96.31 +/- 7.21msec, 101.20 +/- 7.81msec, respectively. The LaP100 of PR-VEP stimulated with 32 X 32 check size at 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th decades were 93.95 +/- 5.61msec, 94.70 +/- 7.71msec, 92.92 +/- 6.28msec, 97.78 +/- 6.24 msec, 102.79 +/- 5.27msec, respectively. The LaP100 of PR-VEP remained relatively stable until over 6th decade when it increased significantly (p<0.05). The LaP100 of FlashVEP in age of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th decade were 87.08 +/- 7.82msec, 91.07 +/- 8.46msec, 99.37 +/- 6.36msec, 105.30 +/- 7.82msec, and 111.62 +/- 5.54msec, respectively. The LaP100 of Flash YEP increased progressively with aging changes(p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the left and right eyes(p>0.05), and between male and female(p>0.05) in the LaP100 of both VEP. These results showed that LaP100 of PR-VEP changes according to the check size and patient's age. We should interprete the LaP100 of PR-VEP or Flash VEP after the processing of averaging its P100 according to the patient's.
Aging ; Humans ; Male

Isolated ACTH deficiency is a uncommon disorder causing secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. Less than 200 cases have been reported in the world. The major clinical manifestations are hypoglycemia, weight loss, hypotension, anemia, weakness, nausea, inability to excrete water load, and hyponatremia. A 56-year-old male was admitted because of weakness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. He was pallor and not associated with hyperpigmentation. The basal plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were 8.30 pg/ml and 0.6 ug/dl. The serum cortisol did not response to rapid ACTH stimulation test. On combined pituitary stimulation test, the cortisol did not response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Other anterior pituitary hormones showed normal responses except elevated prolactin level. Six months after glucocorticoid replacement therapy, the elevated basal prolactin level returned to normal. Brain MRI did not show any anatomic abnormalities of the sellar and suprasella area. We report a case of isolated ACTH deficiency accompanied by hyperprolactineia, which respond to glucocorticoid replacement therapy.
Adrenal Insufficiency ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone* ; Anemia ; Brain ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyperpigmentation ; Hyperprolactinemia* ; Hypoglycemia ; Hyponatremia ; Hypotension ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nausea ; Pallor ; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior ; Plasma ; Prolactin ; Vomiting ; Water ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Cryopreservation* ; Embryonic Stem Cells* ; Humans* ; Vitrification

Bony Callus ; Humans ; Mandible ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Osteotomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: First-line therapies against Helicobacter pylori, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) plus two antibiotics, may fail in up to 20% of patients. 'Rescue' therapy is usually needed for patients who failed the first-line treatment. This study evaluated the eradication rate of bismuth-containing quadruple rescue therapy over a 1- or 2-week period. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 169 patients with a persistent H. pylori infection after the first-line triple therapy, which was administered from October 2008 to March 2010. The patients were randomized to receive a 1- or 2-week quadruple rescue therapy (pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d., tripotassium dicitrate bismuthate 300 mg q.i.d., metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d., and tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d.). After the 'rescue' therapy, the eradication rate, compliance, and adverse events were evaluated. RESULTS: The 1-week group achieved 83.5% (71/85) and 87.7% (71/81) eradication rates in the intention to treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses, respectively. The 2-week group obtained 87.7% (72/84) and 88.9% (72/81) eradication rate in the ITT and PP analyses, respectively. There was no significant difference in the eradication rate, patient compliance or rate of adverse events between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: One-week bismuth-containing quadruple therapy can be as effective as a 2-week therapy after the failure of the first-line eradication therapy.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bismuth ; Compliance ; Helicobacter ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Intention ; Metronidazole ; Organometallic Compounds ; Patient Compliance ; Prospective Studies ; Proton Pump Inhibitors ; Tetracycline

PURPOSE: To investigate the causes, clinical features and characteristics of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) in Korea. METHODS: A retrospective medical chart review was performed on the patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2007 and 2011 in 14 hospitals in Korea. Cases with FDEIA were subsequently identified among anaphylaxis patients, and subgroup analyses were done to assess clinical characteristics of FDEIA. RESULTS: A total of 62 subjects with FDEIA (male, 72.6%; aged 16 to 70 years) were enrolled in 10 hospitals. Wheat (69.3%) was the most common cause of FDEIA, followed by meat (8.1%), seafood (6.5%), and vegetables (6.5%). The clinical manifestations were cutaneous (100%), respiratory (64.5%), cardiovascular (61.3%), and gastrointestinal (9.7%), respectively. In severity assessment, approximately 40% of FDEIA were classified as severe anaphylaxis. Portable epinephrine auto-injector was prescribed to 17.2% of patients, and about one fifth of the patients experienced redevelopment of anaphylactic symptoms during follow-up period. There was no significant difference of age, gender, latent period, total immunoglobulin E, and past history of allergic disease between patients with severe anaphylaxis group and patients with mild-to-moderate group. CONCLUSION: Wheat is the most common cause of FDEIA in Korea. Because significant number of patients with FDEIA experienced anaphylactic symptoms after diagnosis of FDEIA, more comprehensive therapeutic and educational approaches will be required to prevent recurrent development of anaphylaxis.
Aged ; Anaphylaxis ; Epinephrine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Korea ; Meat ; Retrospective Studies ; Seafood ; Triticum ; Vegetables

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are the pacemaker cells in gastrointestinal tract and generate electrical rhythmicity in gastrointestinal muscles. Therefore, ICC may be modulated by endogenous agents such as neurotransmitter, hormones, and prostaglandins (PGs). In the present study, we investigated the effects of prostaglandins, especially PGE2, on pacemaker currents in cultured ICCs from murine small intestine by using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. ICCs generated spontaneous slow waves under voltage-clamp conditions and showed a mean amplitude of -452+/-39 pA and frequency of 18+/-2 cycles/min (n=6). Treatments of the cells with PGE2 (1muM) decreased both the frequency and amplitude of the pacemaker currents and increased the resting currents in the outward direction. PGE2 had only inhibitory effects on pacemaker currents and this inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. For characterization of specific membrane EP receptor subtypes, involved in the effects of PGE2 on pacemaker currents in ICCs, EP receptor agonists were used: Butaprost (1muM), EP2 receptor agonist, reduced the spontaneous inward current frequency and amplitude in cultured ICCs (n=5). However sulprostone (1muM), a mixed EP1 and EP3 agonist, had no effects on the frequency, amplitude and resting currents of pacemaker currents (n=5). SQ-22536 (an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase; 100muM) and ODQ (an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase; 100muM) had no effects on PGE2 actions of pacemaker currents. These observations indicate that PGE2 alter directly the pacemaker currents in ICCs, and that the PGE2 receptor subtypes involved are the EP2 receptor, independent of cyclic AMP- and GMP-dependent pathway.
Adenylyl Cyclases ; Dinoprostone* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Guanylate Cyclase ; Interstitial Cells of Cajal* ; Intestine, Small* ; Membranes ; Muscles ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Periodicity ; Prostaglandins

Background/Aims: For metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), various prognostic scoring systems have been developed. However, owing to the low prevalence of nonclear cell RCC, the three most commonly used tools were mainly developed based on patients with clear cell histology. Accordingly, this study applied three prognostic models to Korean non-clear cell RCC patients treated with first-line temsirolimus. Methods: This study analyzed data for 74 patients with non-clear cell RCC who were treated with temsirolimus as the first-line therapy at eight medical centers between 2011 and 2016. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the different prognostic models were analyzed. Results: Twenty-seven (36.5%), 24 (32.4%), and 44 patients (59.5%) were assigned to the poor prognosis groups of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC), and Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (ARCC) risk stratification models, respectively. All three prognostic models reliably discriminated the risk groups to predict progression-free survival and overall survival (p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for progression and survival was highest for the ARCC model (0.777; 0.734), followed by the IMDC (0.756; 0.724) and the MSKCC (0.742; 0.712) models. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting progression were highest with the ARCC model (sensitivity 63.6%, specificity 85.7%), followed by the MSKCC (sensitivity 58.2%, specificity 86.5%) and the IMDC models (sensitivity 56.4%, specificity 85.7%). Conclusions All three prognostic models accurately predicted the survival of the non-clear cell RCC patients treated with temsirolimus as the first-line therapy. Furthermore, the ARCC risk model performed better than the other risk models in predicting survival.

Background/Aims: There are limited studies on the management of hepatic hemangiomas (HHs). We investigated the proportion and predictors of surgical resection and analyzed HH growth rates in addition to associated factors. Methods: A retrospective case-control study of patients treated in 2 centers was conducted. Thirty-six patients who underwent surgical resection were assigned to the case group. Patients who did not undergo surgical treatment were randomly sigselected at a 1:10 ratio and assigned to the control group (n = 360). Baseline characteristics, clinical course and surgical outcomes were analyzed. Results: The proportion of surgically treated HH patients was 0.3% (36 per 11,049). The longest diameter at diagnosis (mean ± standard deviation) was 7.7 ± 5.2 cm in the case group and 2.4 ± 1.8 cm in the control group (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the presence of more than 2 HHs (odds ratio [OR] 7.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–41.72) and a growth rate of more than 4.8%/year (OR 30.73, 95% CI 4.86–194.51) were independently associated with surgical treatment. Symptom development during follow-up was related to HH size > 10 cm (OR 10.50, 95% CI 1.06–103.77, p = 0.04). The subgroup analysis showed substantial growth in 41.3% with an overall mean annual growth rate of 0.14 cm. Conclusions Approximately one in 300 patients with an HH underwent surgical treatment. Multiple HHs and a growth rate of more than 4.8%/year were indications for surgical treatment. Nearly half of the HHs showed growing pattern in our study.