Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is a pathogen exclusively found in humans. It causes a wide range of infections from the upper respiratory tract to serious invasive diseases. Such as pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis. Strains of Hi are usually classif ied into six serotypes a to f and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) according to the antigenicities and compositions of their polysaccharide capsules. Hib was a common cause of serious infections in younger children. The polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against Hib had almost eliminated H. influenzae as a cause of pediatric meningitis. However, NTHI remains an important pathogen, particularly in children and the elderly. Efforts to understand and control NTHI disease have been hampered by the diversity of these bacteria. This review introduced the study progress about pathogenic mechanism of NTHI. In order to provide the help for development of vaccine, clinic treatment and prevent the occurrence of diseases causing by NTHI.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the regulatory effect of SNMC on the gene expression of the Smad family in pulmonary fibrosis model rats.METHODS: A total of 174 rats were assigned to 6 groups: normal group,model group,positive prednisolone acetate group,SNMC(20,15,10 mL?kg-1?d-1) groups,with the latter 5 groups treated with bleomycin injection to induce pulmonary fibrosis model.At 24 h after modeling,the rats in 6 groups were treated with corresponding drugs day by day before being sacrificed at 1,12,28 days after first-time treatment for extracting of RNA from pulmonary tissues.The expression levels of Smad3,Smad4 and Smad7 were assayed by RT-PCR respectively.RESULTS: As compared with model group,the expression levels of Smad4 and Smad7 genes were down-regulated but the expression level of Smad3 gene was up-regulated in SNMC groups,whereas the expression levels of 3 kinds of genes were all down-regulated in positive prednisolone acetate group.CONCLUSION: SNMC is more effective than prednisolone acetate in reversing the abnormal expression of Smad family in pulmonary fibrosis model rats.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the antagonistic effect of compound glycyrrhizin on bleomycin A5-induced pul-monary fibrosis of rats.METHODS:Pulmonary fibrosis model was built by injecting bleomycin A5to tracheas of SD rats in one time,the next day,control groups were administered with compound glycyrrhizin and prednisolone acetate,21days after administration,organ coefficients,pathology,areas of alveolar septum,areas of the inflammatory cells and the integral pho-todensity of the pulmonary tissues were detected and analyzed.RESULTS:As compared with the model group,the compound glycyrrhizin group had a diminished organ coefficient,ameliorated pathological change for pulmonary tissues and reduced areas of alveolar septum(P0.05).CONCLUSION:Compound glycyrrhizin has antagonistic effect on pulmonary fibrosis of model rats.

Objective To investigate the serum levels of procalcitomn (PCT) and high mobility group box chromosomal protein-1 ( HMGB1 ) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) ; and study the relationship between the serum levels of PCT,HMGB1 and the severity and prognosis of AP.Methods The blood samples were collected from 80 AP patients,including 38 severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients and 42 mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) patients.The serum levels of HMGB1 were measured by ELISA kit,and the levels of PCT were measured by immunoassay chemiluminescent technique,then their relationship with other biochemical parameters,the severity and prognosis of AP was analyzed.30 healthy adults were treated as the control group.Results The serum PCT and HMGB1 levels were ( 8.18 ± 3.24) μg/L and ( 11.79 ± 3.98 ) μg/L in SAP group,and the corresponding values were (5.67 ± 2.43) μg/L and ( 5.38 ± 2.06) μg/L in MAP group,and both were significantly higher than those in control group [ ( 1.85 ± 0.86) μg/L and ( 1.87 ± 1.47) μg/L,P ＜0.01 ].The serum level of PCT was positively correlated with serum 1evel of HMGB1 ( r =0.276,P =0.014),and both were positively correlated with Ranson score,APACHE Ⅱ score,Balthazar CT score (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01 ).The HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in patients with organ dysfunction than those in patients without organ dysfunction (P ＜0.05).Conclusions In AP patients,serum PCT and HMGB1 levels were significantly increased,and they were positively correlated with disease severity.These results suggest that PCT and HMGB1 may act as potential serum markers for AP severity evaluation.

In order to control the quality of all parts of the process for culturing,preparing and using clinically the human embryo olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs),the conduct standard of culturing human OECs from olfactory bulb is formulated. Because the strict conduct process can reduce the human factor as much as possible and ensure the stability of the cell quality. Therefore,during the culturing process of human embryo OECs, as for the embryo sample of OECs from olfactory bulb,the standard of lab condition and cell culture must be set strictly. The key steps of conduct process must be regulated,the freezing and resuscitating process of OECs must be controlled,the test method for microbial contamination during cell culture must be proposed and the risk must be reduced,then the quality of the human OECs from olfactory bulb can be guaranteed during the clinical application.

Objective To develop a one-step PCR assay for rapid discrimination of six Brucella species and some intraspecific biovars.Methods Using 6 pairs of primers in one-step PCR to differentiate six classical Brucella species and some biovar in ordinary PCR instrument.The tested strains including 27 reference strains of six Brucella species and 239 Brucella strains were estimated by the PCR assay and biological identification methods.Results The six Brucella species could be precisely differentiated by the onestep PCR assay from the tested strains.Five biovars and vaccine strain of B.suis species could be determined,and biovars 1,3,4 and biovars 2,5,6,7,9 of B.abortus species could be identified at the level of their biovar,moreover,biovars 1,2 and 3,and vaccine strain Rev 1 of B.melitensis species were also discriminated at the biovar and strain level.The accurate rates of the biological identification method and the PCR assay were 98.33％ and 100％ respectively.Conclusion One-step PCR assay was a rapid,specific,and low cost method for identification of Brucella species and discriminating biovars in ordinary PCR instrument.

Objective To explore the double-labeling method of monitoring the GHRP regulatory function on [Ca2+]i and NO in cardiomyocytes of rats on real time under LSCM.Methods The reformed constant-flow Langendorff system and enzyme-dissociated was used to isolate cardiomyocytes.[Ca2+]i and NO in the cardiomyocytes of SD rats were double-labeled by their molecular probe Rhod-2/AM and DAF-FM/DA,respectively to monitor the regulatory function of GHRP on [Ca2+]i and NO on real time by LSCM.Results Ca2+ signal showed a red fluorescence and NO showed a green fluorescence while the overlapping of the two signals showed a yellow-green fluorescence by this system,and the similar effect presents in both double-labeled state and the single labeled one:GHRP induced a transient[Ca2+]i increase then followed by a plateau phase while there was not significant change in NO signal system after GHRP stimulation under the LSCM in the cardiomyocytes of rats.Conclusions After having established the double-labeling method we monitored the GHRP regulatory function on [Ca2+]i and NO on real time in cardiomyocytes of rats under LSCM causing the [Ca2+]i biphasic increase while no significant change in NO signal system.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of early appendectomy in appendicular abscess. Methods Fifty patients with appendicular abscess who received early appendectomy in our hospital from January 2009 to June 2012 were considered as the abscess group,50 cases patients received acute appendicitis surgery were regarded as the control group. The postoperative hospital stay,cost of hospi-talization,operative time,the amount of bleeding in operation and complications were retrospectively analyzed. Results The operative time of abscess group was (68±23) min,and the control group was (49±14) min (P<0. 05). There were significant differences in operating time between two groups. But there was no significant difference in intraoperatve blood soss,length of stay,the average hospitalization charge and surgical complications (P>0. 05). All patients were cured. Conclusion Early treatment of appendiceal abscess is safe and alternate to conventional conservative treatment followed by interval appendectomy. It is not only to avoid the secondary hospitalization and treatment fail-ure,but also save the cost of hospitalization and minimize the medical expenses.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; methods ; Brucella ; classification

ObjectiveTo study the reasons and mechanism of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in chronic heart failure by using Losartan and to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of chronic heart failure. Methods The models of chronic heart failure were produced by injecting Adriamycin and Losartan as intervention agents, the expression of apoptotic protein Bax, Bcl-2 and channel protein ERK1, JNK1 and P38MAPK were detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial ultrastructure are detected by transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL staining.Results Compared with the model group of heart failure, after Losartan treatment, the ultra structure of myocardial cells were significantly improved, Apoptosis index was decreased significantly (P <0.01), The level of Bax and JNK1 decreased (Bax χ~2=6.6149, P=0.0078; JNK1 q=22.0156,P<0.01). However, the expressions of ERK1 and Bcl-2 were significantly increased (ERK1 q=15.3514,P<0.01;Bcl-2 χ~2=6.81,P=0.0074).Conclusion The effect of Losartan on chronic heart failure is related closely with the pathway of ERK1 and JNK1, and no p38 MAPK pathway.