BACKGROUND:Nonunion is a common clinical problem in the prognosis of tibial fracture. The treatment method of tibial fracture nonunion is extensive and develops rapidly. Different repair plans should be taken to the nonunion of tibial fractures caused by different factors. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the repair strategy and effect of adjuvant therapy of internal fixation implants and external fixation stent for treatment of tibial fracture nonunion. METHODS:The PubMed database and CNKI database were retrieved by the author of this article for the published articles related to reason and treatment method of nonunion. The key words were “tibial fracture nonunion, reason,treatment, implant, external fixation”. The repetitive and old articles were eliminated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Finaly 35 articles were selected for further analysis. (2) Surgical method is the chief treatment for tibial fracture nonunion. We choosedifferent surgical methods for the best curative effect according to the reasons of nonunion and whether it is infected or not. The biological and structural factors that cause bone delayed healing should be considered in the treatment. (3) The fixed treatment on the structure is divided into external fixation and internal fixation. Intramedulary nail and compression plate can give stability of nonunion without infected tibial fractures, and it is a good solution to the structural problems. External fixation can be used for nonunion of infected tibial fracture. (4) To solve the biological problems of nonunion of tibial fractures (bone defect), various bone grafting materials and bone grafting techniques can be used. It is generaly required to fix the bonegraft in the treatment of nonunion of the tibia fracture. In recent years, biological materials have been gradualy applied to solve the problem of bone nonunion of tibial fractures. Although electrical stimulation and ultrasound have been shown to promote fracture healing, it has not been clinicaly proven to be used in the treatment of nonunion of tibial fractures.

Objective To investigate the clinical outcomes of three kinds oi internal fixations via posterior approach for treating adjacent two-segment thoracic and lumbar vertebral fractures.Methods A retrospective analysis was done on data of 34 patients with adjacent two-segment thoracic and lumbar vertebral fractures treated between 2003 and 2010.The treatments included three different pedicle screw fixations via posterior approach,ie,fixation with four verlebrae and four screws (Group Ⅰ,n ＝ 14),fixation with four vertebrae and six screws ( Group Ⅱ,n ＝ 11 ),fixation with four vertebrae and eight screws ( Group Ⅲ,n ＝ 9).The changes of spinal Cobb' s angle before and after operation and at the last final follow-up were statistically analyzed.Oswestry disability index (ODI) score,Denis pain scale and Denis work scale at the final follow-up were evaluated.Also,the recovery of neurological function was observed.Results The duration of follow-up was average 24 months (range,10-48 months).The neurological function of all the patients recovered to some degree.Two patients had pedicle screw breakage and one had spontaneous fusion of the collaprsed vertebra in Group Ⅰ.The Cobb' s angles of the three groups were decreased immediately after operation,but all obtained some degree of enhancement at the final follow-up.In Group Ⅰ,the mean Cobb's angle was (7.5 ±3.0)° postoperatively and then improved to ( 13.7 ±5.1 )°at the final follow-up,with correction loss of (6.2 ±2.1)°.In Group Ⅱ,the average Cobb's angle was( 1.4 ± 1.5) ° postoperatively and later increased to (4.5 ± 2.4)° at the final follow-up,with correction loss of (3.1 ± 1.1 )°.In Group Ⅲ,the mean Cobb' s angle was ( 0.0 ± 1.1 )° postoperatively but was increased to ( 1.3 ± 1.2 )° at the last follow -up,with correction loss of ( 1.3 ± 0.0 1 )°.The three groups showed statistical difference regarding the correction loss of Cobb' s angle ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ showed no significant differences in aspects of ODI score and Denis work and pain scale at the final follow-up,but the differences were significant when Group Ⅰ was compared with Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions The posterior transvertebral pedicle screw fixation with 4 vertebrae and 8 screws for adjacent two-segment thoracic and lumbar vertebral fractures is beneficial to gaining well reduction and fixation,maintaining deformity correction,preserving motion segment and releasing pain.The operation,a simple and convenient technique,has the prospect of clinical application.

Objective To analyze the causes for the failures after posterior pedicle screw instrumentation for thoracolumbar fractures.Methods From June 2003 to December 2014,182 patients with thoracolumbar fracture were treated by fixation through the posterior approach using pedicle screws and fully followed up in our institute.We analyzed the cases of postoperative infection,recovery of neural symptoms,breakage and loosening of pedicle screws and connecting rod,non-union of the fractured vertebra,and correction loss of kyphosis in associations with the AO classification and Loading Sharing Classification of Spine Fracture (LSCSF) system,osteoporosis,intervertebral disc injury and methods of internal fixation.Results In this series,altogether 27 cases failed(14.8％).The rate of postoperative infection was 1.1％ (2/182).The rate of breakage of pedicle screw or connecting rod was 7.7％ (14/182).The implant breakage rates for fractures of AO types A1,A2 and A3.1 were significantly lower than for other types (P ＜ 0.05).The implant breakage rate for the patients with ≤6 LSCSF points was significantly lower than for those with ≥7 LSCSF points (P ＜ 0.05).The implant breakage occurred in 3 cases of those who underwent fixation of one normal vertebra respectively below and above the two contiguous segments but not in those who underwent additional fixation of the injured vertebrae.The rate of screw loosening was 2.2％ (4/182).The non-union rate of the injured vertebra was 2.7％ (5/182).The rate of kyphosis recurrence was 1.1％ (2/182).Conclusions To prevent the failure of posterior pedicle screw fixation,surgeons should pay more attention to the following key points before operation:the type and evaluation of spinal fractures,a proper approach and method of internal fixation,and the weight bearing capability of the anterior column.

Craving of drug addicts for drugs is the most important factor that causes relapse. On-line, objective and quantificational measurement of craving is of certain value in predicting relapse and drug-seeking behavior of addicts. Some common methods used to measure craving are reviewed and their shortcomings are analyzed. Aiming at characteristics, analysis methods, typical application of electroencephalography (EEG) and characteristics of craving, we have a discussion about the possibility of using EEG to measure craving. In addition, some related problems and difficulties are probed. These analyses are helpful to the study of craving.
Behavior, Addictive ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Self Disclosure ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; diagnosis

A wearable wireless health monitoring system for drug addicts in compulsory rehabilitation centers was proposed. The system can continuously monitor multiple physiological parameters of drug addicts in real time, and issue early warning information when abnormal physiological parameters occur, so as to play the role of timely medical practice. In addition, this study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)model, which can evaluate the health status of drug addicts based on multiple physiological parameters. Experiments show that the model can be applied to the task of body state recognition in the open physiological parameter data set, and the recognition accuracy can reach up to 100% in a single physiological parameter data set; when the whole physiological data set is used, the recognition accuracy can reach 99.1%. The recognition accuracy exceeds the performance of the traditional pattern recognition method on this task, which verifies the superiority of the model.
Algorithms ; Electrocardiography ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Wearable Electronic Devices

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effectiveness of suture anchor fixation combined with Nice knot strapping via longitudinal patellar drilling in the treatment of patellar inferior pole fractures. METHODS: A clinical data of 37 patients with unilateral patellar inferior pole fracture who met the selection criteria between June 2017 and June 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 17 cases were treated with the suture anchor fixation combined with Nice knot strapping via longitudinal patellar drilling (group A), and 20 cases were treated with the traditional Kirschner wire tension band technique (group B). There was no significant difference in terms of gender, age, body mass index, fracture side, combined medical disease, and preoperative hemoglobin between the two groups ( P>0.05). Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, fracture healing time, knee range of motion, and knee function Bostman score (range of motion, pain, daily work, muscle atrophy, walking aids, knee effusion, soft leg, and stair climbing) and grading were recorded in both groups at last follow-up. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups ( P>0.05). All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 1-2 years, with an average of 1.7 years. X-ray films reexamination showed that all fractures in group A healed, while 2 cases in group B did not heal. There was no significant difference in bone healing time between the two groups ( P>0.05). At last follow-up, the knee range of motion, the range of motion score of Bostman score, total score and effectiveness grading in group A were significantly better than those in group B ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the other items of Bostman scores between the two groups ( P>0.05). During follow-up, 2 cases of internal fixation failure and 1 case of internal fixator irritation occurred in group B, and no complication related to internal fixation occurred in group A. The occurrence of complications was significantly lower in group A than in group B ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with the traditional Kirschner wire tension band technique, the suture anchor combined with Nice knot strapping via longitudinal patellar drilling for the patellar inferior pole fractures has the advantages of simple operation, reliable fixation, early flexion and extension activity, and better functional recovery of knee joint.
Humans ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Bone Wires ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods* ; Fractures, Bone/surgery* ; Knee Injuries ; Patella/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Suture Anchors ; Treatment Outcome ; Male ; Female