Objective To study the mucosal and systemic immune response after intranasal immunization with mucosal complex vaccine for Toxoplasma gondii,and to observe the protective effect on mice. Methods The mucosal complex vaccine was made of soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg) and cholera toxin (CT),which were mixed and dissolved in PBS (1 ml PBS containing 1 mg STAg and 50 ?g CT). Fifty-two BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups: immunized group and control. Mice were intranasally immunized with 20 ?l mucosal complex vaccine (20 ?g STAg and 1?g CT) per mouse twice at an interval of two weeks,while the control mice were given PBS solution instead. Six mice of each group were killed by dislocation of cervical vertebra on day 14 after the last immunization. The specific IgG antibodies in serum and IgA in feces were detected by ELISA. Lymphocytes in spleen,Peyer's patches (PP) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte(IEL) were isolated and counted. Percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was determined by immunocytochemistry. Other mice were challenged intragastrically each with 4?104 tachyzoites of RH strain Toxoplasma gondii on day 14 after the last immunization. Their health condition was observed and the number of tachyzoites in liver and brain was determined microscopically on the 30 th day after challenge. Results IgG antibodies in serum and IgA antibodies in feces of immunized mice were higher than the control (P

Objective To observe dynamically the location and time of attachment and invasion of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to murine intestinal mucosa by chromogenic in situ hybridization targeting SAG2 mRNA. Methods Thirty 7- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into experiment group(24 mice)and control group(6 mice). Each animal in the experiment group was given 2?104 tachyzoites of RH stain in 0.2 ml PBS by intragastric administration and that in the control group was given 0.2 ml PBS. Four mice in the experiment group and one in the control group were sacrificed at 15 min,30 min,1 h,2 h,4 h and 8 h after infection,respectively,and paraffin sections of duodenum,jejunum and ileum were prepared to perform the in situ hybridization with Dig-labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to SAG2 mRNA of T. gondii. Results Tachyzoites were found on the striated border of small intestine epithelial cells (absorptive cells,goblet cells and endocrine cells),in or between two absorptive cells or in the lamina propria. At 15 min-2 h after infection,there was significant difference in the number of attachment on jejunum and ileum (P

Objective To study the invasion and proliferation in IEC-6 cells of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites in vitro.Methods T.gondii tachyzoites of RH strain were co-cultured with IEC-6 cells in vitro,the process of cell adhesion,invasion and proliferation by tachyzoites was observed consecutively with inverted microscope.At 5 min,10 min,20 min,30 min,1,2,4,6,12,24 and 48 h after co-culture,the tachyzoite invasion to IEC-6 and intra-cellular proliferation were observed with Giemsa-Wright's staining,respectively.The invasive rate of tachyzoites to IEC-6 was counted.Results T.gondii tachyzoites invaded the IEC-6 cells 5 min after culture,thenceforth the invasive rate increased gradually.The invasive rate was about 55.0% at the first hour after culture with 1-5 tachyzoites in one cell.In the second hour after culture,the rate reached highest with 81.8 % and there were many pseudocysts emerging.At the same time,tachyzoites invaded the cell nucleus and proliferated in the nucleus.At the 4th hour after culture,the invasive rate began to decrease(80.8?9.2)%,the pseudocysts began to break and tachyzoites were released to cluster.The clustering tachyzoites increased significantly at the 6th hour.At the 12th hour the clustering tachyzoites decreased and most tachyzoites were free,the number of complete cells decreased obviously.There were only a few cells and pseudocysts left at the 24th hour,and a great quantity of free tachyzoites existed out of the IEC-6 cells.There were plenty of mobile tachyzoites while none of IEC-6 cells existed after 48 h culture.Conclusion IEC-6 cell may be the suitable target cell of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite.The tachyzoites can invade the IEC-6 cells quickly in vitro and proliferate in the plasma and nucleus with a reproductive cycle of about 6 to 12 hrs.

Objective To establish mice model that induces mucosal immunity by orally infected tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. Methods Respectively, 5?103, 5?104, 5?105, 5?106 tachyzoites of RH strain were inoculated to BALB/c mice by stomach delivery. The control group was given PBS solution. Symptoms and pathological changes of mice were observed. Secretory im-munoglobulin A (SIgA) was assayed. The lymphocytes from Peyer's patches (PP) and intraepithe-lial lymphocyte (IEL) were observed and the changes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells assayed by SABC immunohistochemistry. Results Inoculation of 5?104 tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii caused symptoms and pathological changes in mice. The titre of SIgA increased in intestine, and CD4+ T subset of the mucosal inductive sites and CD8+ T subset of the mucosal effectors' sites increased. Conclusion Mucosal immunity may be induced by oral infection of 5?104 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain in BALB/c mice.

AngiotensinⅡ( AngⅡ) is the main functional bioac-tive peptide of the renin angiotensin system,and its basic function is to regulate salt-water homeostasis and blood pressure. Howev-er,recent studies have shown that AngⅡ plays a very important role in tumor formation and angiogenesis by acting on its type 1 receptor (AT1R) as a kind of potential growth factor. This arti-cle is a brief overview of the research on effects of AngⅡ-AT1R system in the process of tumor angiogenesis in recent years.

Objective To study the system of streptococcal C5a peptidase (ScpB) and the specif-ic antibody levels in serum, lung, vagina and recta after subcutaneous and intranasal immunization with dif-ferent doses of C5a peptide. Methods Recombinant protein C5a peptide was expressed in E. coli strain BL21 and purified by affinity chromatography. The expressed product was identified by SDS-PAGE and pep-tide mass fingerprinting (PMF). BALB/c mice were subcutaneously and intranasally injected with different doses of ScpB. Antibody titer was tested by ELISA. Opsonophagocytosis assay was used to test the function of antibody. Results ScpB protein was successfully expressed and purified. The probability based mouse score of ScpB was 175 by PMF analysis. ELISA data showed that both subcutaneous and intranasal immtmi-zation could elicit significantly higher levels of IgG in immunized mice serum than that of control group (P ＜0.01), 30 μg group waa better than 5 μg and 10 μg group. Intranasal immunization could elicit higher lev-els of IgA in lung, vagina and rectum (P ＜0.001) while system immunization could not. Opsenophagocyto-sis tests indicated that anti-serum of ScpB had opsenophagocytic activity than that of control (P ＜ 0. 05).Conclusion The results demonstrated that intranasal immunization with ScpB could induce significantly higher levels of lgG and IgA, and its anti-serum had better opsenic activity.

Objective: To explore the imaging manifestations of multi-slice spiral CT angiography (CTA) and relationship with in-hospital death in patients with aortic dissection (AD). Methods: The clinical data of 429 patients with AD who underwent CTA in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between January 2009 and January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. AD patients were divided into 2 groups, including operation group who underwent surgery or interventional therapy (370 cases) and non-operation group who underwent medical conservative treatment(59 cases). The multi-slice spiral CTA imaging features of AD were analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between imaging manifestations and in-hospital death in AD patients. Results: There were 12 cases (3.24%) of in-hospital death in operation group, and 28 cases (47.46%) of in-hospital death in non-operation group(P<0.001). AD involved different vascular branches. Multi-slice spiral CTA can clearly show the dissection of true and false lumen, and intimal tear was detected in 363 (84.62%) cases, outer wall calcification was revealed in 63 (14.69%) cases, and thrombus formation was present in 227 (52.91%) cases. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the number of branch vessels involved (OR=1.374, 95%CI 1.081-1.745, P=0.009) and tearing false lumen range(OR=2.059, 95%CI 1.252-3.385, P=0.004) were independent risk factors of in-hospital death in AD patients, and the number of branch vessels involved (OR=1.600, 95%CI 1.062-2.411, P=0.025) was independent risk factor of in-hospital death in the operation group, while the tearing false lumen range (OR=2.315, 95%CI 1.019-5.262, P=0.045) was independent risk factor of in-hospital death of non-operation group. Conclusions Multi-slice spiral CTA can clearly show the entire AD, true and false lumen, intimal tear, wall calcification and thrombosis of AD patients. The number of branch vessels involved and tearing false lumen range are the independent risk factors of in-hospital death in AD patients.

Objective: To report the effects of operative treatment of Sneppen Ⅴ talus fracture through the approach for malleolus medialis Ⅴ osteotomy plus hollow compression screw fixation. Methods: From January 2015 to January 2019, 16 patients with Sneppen Ⅴ talus fracture were treated at Department Ⅱ of Hand & Foot Microsurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Inner Mongolia Medical University. They were 14 men and 2 women with a mean age of 38.4 years (range, from 20 to 55 years). All fractures were fixed with hollow compression screws through the approach for malleolus medialis Ⅴ osteotomy. The ankle and hindfoot functional scoring system developed by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Results: All patients were followed up for a mean time of 12.6 months (range, from 6 to 30 months). The mean operation time was 68.4 minutes (range, from 52 to 96 minutes); the mean amount of hemorrhage during operation was 96.8 mL (range, from 48 to 122 mL); the mean period of bone union was 4.8 months (range, from 3 to 8 months). The postoperative mean AOFAS score was 75.3 points (range, from 43 to 91 points). Complications occurred in 4 cases, including one case of talus ischemic necrosis, one case of partial talus ischemic necrosis accompanied by tibial arthritis, one case of subtalar arthritis, and one case of combined tibial, talar and subtalar arthritis. All incisions obtained primary healing, with no complications like infection, screw breakage, delayed union or nonunion. Conclusion Operative treatment of Sneppen Ⅴ talus fracture through the approach for malleolus medialis Ⅴ osteotomy plus hollow compression screw fixation can provide sufficient operative exposure to facilitate reduction and fixation of the talus fracture so that the ischemic necrosis of the talus and traumatic arthritis can be effectively reduced.

Objective To compare the efficacies and prognoses of stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery in treatment of brain metastases of lung cancer with diameter of 3-7 cm.Methods A retrospective study of 80 patients with brain metastases from lung cancer with diameter of 3-7 cm treated with gamma knife in our hospital from April 2010 to November 2016 was performed.There were 46 patients in stereotactic radiosurgery group and 34 in fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery group.The local tumor rate,incidence of complications,changes ofperitumoral edema,and Kamofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale scores at 3 months after operation were compared between the two groups.Multi-factor Cox regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing the short-term efficacy of patients.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the survival rate of patients.Results Three months after operation,the local tumor control rate and incidence of complications were 73.9％ and 21.7％ in the stereotactic radiosurgery group,and 94.1％ and 2.94％ in the fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery group,with significant differences (P＜0.05).As compared with those in the stereotactic radiosurgery group,the percentage of patients with increased grading ofperitumoral edema was significantly decreased and percentage of patients with increased KPS scores was significantly increased in fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery group (P＜0.05).Multivariate Cox analysis showed that tumor diameter was the only statistically significant risk factor for prognosis (P＜0.05).The median survival time was 13.6 months in the stereotactic radiosurgery group and 16 months in the fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery group.The one-year survival rate and accumulate survival rate showed no significant differences between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion As compared with stereotactic radiosurgery therapy,fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery has more advantages in the treatment of lung cancer brain metastases with diameter of 3-7 cm.

Recently, returning straw to the fields has been proved as a direct and effective method to tackle soil nutrient loss and agricultural pollution. Meanwhile, the slow decomposition of straw may harm the growth of the next crop. This study aimed to determine the effects of rumen microorganisms (RMs) on straw decomposition, bacterial microbial community structure, soil properties, and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that RMs significantly enhanced the degradation rate of straw in the soil, reaching 39.52%, which was 41.37% higher than that of the control on the 30th day after straw return. After 30 d, straw degradation showed a significant slower trend in both the control and the experimental groups. According to the soil physicochemical parameters, the application of rumen fluid expedited soil matter transformation and nutrient buildup, and increased the urease, sucrase, and cellulase activity by 10%‒20%. The qualitative analysis of straw showed that the hydroxyl functional group structure of cellulose in straw was greatly damaged after the application of rumen fluid. The analysis of soil microbial community structure revealed that the addition of rumen fluid led to the proliferation of Actinobacteria with strong cellulose degradation ability, which was the main reason for the accelerated straw decomposition. Our study highlights that returning rice straw to the fields with rumen fluid inoculation can be used as an effective measure to enhance the biological value of recycled rice straw, proposing a viable solution to the problem of sluggish straw decomposition.
Animals ; Rumen/metabolism* ; Agriculture/methods* ; Soil/chemistry* ; Microbiota ; Bacteria/metabolism* ; Oryza/metabolism* ; Soil Microbiology ; Cellulose