0.05).In all 57 strains of germ cultured,50.9% were Gram-negative bacilli,40.3% were Gram-positive cocci,and the other 8.8% were fungi.Causes of infection included impaired immunity defense,mistake in aseptic procedure or unstrictness of skin sterilizing,inadequate drainage,etc.CONCLUSIONS Reasonable in choice of antibiotics,strictness in aseptic procedure,adequate drainage and good nursing help are the main preventive measures to prevnt drainage fluid infection after thoracic operation.

[Objective] To develop an HPLC method for determining Gallic acid in Milin Capsules.[Method] The contents of Gallic acid were determined by HPLC.Agilent1200 HPLC.Chromatography column was ZORBAXSB-C18(4.6?250mm,5?m);mobile phase:methanol-0.2% phosphoric(6∶94);flow rate was 1.0ml/min;UV detection wave length was 270nm.[Results] The average recovery of Gallic acid was 99.10%,RSD was 1.07%.[Conclusion] This method was simple,quick,stable,accurate,can be used as a method for determining Gallic acid in Milin Capsules.

OBJECTIVE Making knowledge of the marine medication animal species distribution and the resource situation in Zhoushan sea area. METHODS According the experiment explored, the marine animal specimen collected, checked, corrected. RESULTS There were about 103 species marine animal for medicating, included 4 species of Coelenterata, 3 species of Annelida, 14 species of Arthropoda, 21 species of Mollusca, 55 species of Vertebrata, 6 species of Echinodermate . CONCLUSIONS The reliable base of protecting ecological environment of marine organisms and exploiting resources of marine medicinal animals rationally were founded.

Objective To explore the isometric attachment site of the posterolateral structure in the femoral lateral condyle and introduce the method of knee posterolateral complex(PLC) reconstruction with the semitendinosus tendon. Methods Isometric reconstruction of the chronic PLC injury of knee joint in 18 cases, were performed with the semitendinosus tendon from February 2001 to February 2005. Of all patients, there were 12 males and 6 females, average age was 39 years old(range, 19-52 years old). All cases were chronic injuries, with duration of 1.5-14 months. 3 cases were simple PLC injury, 10 cases were PLC injury with posterior cruciate ligament(PCL) injury, 2 of which had undergone PCL reconstruction about 6.5 months. 3 cases combined with anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury, 2 cases combined with ACL and PCL injury. To put in the double semitendinosus tendon from the bony tunnel of anatomical insertion of the fibular collateral ligment in caput fibulae and put out from the bony tunnel of anatomical insertion of the popliterofibular ligment in the caput fibulae, then fix them respectively in the isometic bony tunnel of the femoral lateral condyle. The posterolateral stability of the knee was evaluated mainly through examination varus instability of knee and external rotation range of leg. Results It was relatively isometric from the femoral attachment site of the popliteal tendon to the anatomical insertion of the popliterofibular ligment in the caput fibulae. The better isometric attachment site was from the anatomical caput fibulae attachment site to 8-10 mm in front of the anatomical femoral attachment site of the lateral collateral ligament. The average follow-up period was 14 months(12-24 months). There was no varus knee instability in full extension. At 30? flexion, one-grade varus instability was found in 2. At 30? and 90? flexion, external rotation range increased by 6? in 3 cases, remained the same in 14 cases, and decreased in 1 case, all compared with the healthy side. Conclusion The method provided good stability for the knee and acquired satisfactory clinical results.

Objective To study the transformation mechanism of triterpenes in processing of Alisma orientalis. Methods The triterpene transformations of A. orientalis pre and post-processing were comparatively analyzed by techniques of HPLC and Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Results In baked processing (70 ℃) of A. orientalis, little alisol B 23-acetate was transformed into alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B.However, more alisol B 23-acetate was transformed into alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B, then both of them were further transformed into alisol A in processing under high temperature (160-200 ℃). Conclusion Transformation of alisol B 23-acetate has two routes when A. orientalis is processed under high temperature: For one, alisol B 23-acetate is rearranged into alisol A 24-acetate which could be deacetylated into alisol A; for the other; it is deacetylated into alisol B first, then transformed into alisol A.

Objective To explore the clinico-pathological features, immunophenotype, treatment and prognosis of urologic primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Methods The clinical data of 3 patients with urologic PNET were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were male, aged 29, 32 and 75 years respectively. Two of the lesions were located in the kidney, and the third was located in the bladder. The sizes of renal tumors were 7.7 cm×6.2 cm and 12.6 cm×9.4 cm respectively. Imaging examinations revealed a well-defined mass with inhomogeneous echo inside. The size of bladder tumor was 10.0 cm×10.0 cm. CT scan demonstrated irregular thickening of the bladder wall, and the density of the wall was inhomogeneous. In the 2 cases of renal PNET radical surgery was performed, while an emergency palliative surgery to remove a blood clot and biopsy were performed in the bladder PNET case. Results In light microscope, the tumors were characterized by uniform small round or oval cells and nest-like or dense sheet structures surrounded by sparse fibrovascular stroma. Homer-Wright rosettes or pseudorosettes were observed, as well as mitoses. Immunohistochemical study revealed that all cases showed positive staining for CD99, synaptophysin and vimentin. One of the renal tumor cells showed positive for CD56, and the other renal tumor and urocystic tumor cells were focally positive for chromogranin A. Additionally, in 1 of the cases of renal tumor there was a high positive rate of 80% for Ki67 staining while the other case showed less than 5%. All 3 cases were eventually diagnosed as PNET. The first renal tumor case was not treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy postoperatively, and the patient died of recurrence 14 months after surgery. Both the second renal tumor case and the bladder tumor case underwent chemotherapy postoperatively, and they died 4 and 6 months after surgery respectively. Conclusions The urologic primary PNET is a very rare, highly malignant soft tissue tumor, and the diagnosis must be based on pathologic findings and immunohistochemical phenotypes. The multimodal treatment for urologic primary PNET consists of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of non-operative and operative treatment for flail chest.Methods A retrospective case control study was made on 60 cases of flail chest treated from March 2013 to April 2016.There were 42 males and 18 females,at the age range of 36-62 years [(49.8 ± 10.3)years].According to the treatment methods,the patients were divided into non-operation group (28 cases) and operation group (32 cases).Chest CT,pulmonary function and 36-item short-form health survey(SF-36) were measured in all patients 3 months and 6 months after injury.Differences in atelectasis,chest wall deformity,delayed fracture healing,pulmonary function and life quality were analyzed between the two groups.Results Compared to non-operative group at postoperative 3 months,rates of atelectasis,chest wall deformity and delayed fracture healing in operation group were obviously lower,while indices of pulmonary function pulmonary function including forced vital capacity (FVC),forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1),one second rate (FEV1/FVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation measured value (MVV) in operation group wcre higher,and SF-36 parameters including physical functioning (PF),role-physical (RP),bodily pain (BP),general health (GH),vitality (VT),social functioning (SF) and mental health (MH) in operation group were better (all P ＜ 0.05).As to the data measured 6 months after injury,there were no significant differences between the two groups,except that the rate of chest wall deformity in non-operative group (6 cases,39％) was higher than that in operation group (11 cases,19％) (P ＜ 0.05).As to c hest CT,indices of pulmonary function and SF-36 parameters (P ＜ 0.05),there were no significant differences within operation group at postoperative 3 months and 6 months (P ＞ 0.05).Non-operation group showed better results in rate of atelectasis,rate of delayed fracture healing,indices of pulmonary function and SF-36 parameters measured 6 months after injury than the detections at postoperative 3 months (P ＜ 0.05),without difference in rate of chest wall deformity (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Surgical treatment of flail chest can accelerate fracture healing,reduce rate of chest wall deformity and improve life quality of patients early compared to non-operative treatment.Although there is no obvious difference in life quality of patients between operative and non-operative treatment 6 months after injury,but the chest wall deformity remains significantly different.

Objective To study the expression of Nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) ,Superoxide Dis‐mutas 1 (SOD1) ,and Heme Oxygenase- 1( HO -1) factors related to Nrf2 signaling pathway in noise-induced cochlear injury of rats .Methods A total of 30 SD rats were randomly and equally assigned into the following 2 groups :noise group and normal control group .The rats in noise group were exposed to an 115 dB SPL continuous steady white noise for 12 hours ,then 1 day ,3 days ,and 7 days later ,the rats receveid the ABR and DPOAE testing after noise exposure .Both RT -PCR and Peggy Sue trace protein detection techniques were used to detect gene ex‐pression in Nrf2 /Keapl-ARE signaling pathway and the protein levels by cochlear tissue sampling after noise ex‐posure 7 days later .Results The ABR thresholds in the noise group was higher than those of in normal control group after noise exposure 1 ,3 ,and 7 days later (P<0 .05) .The DPOAE values of noise group were significantly lower than those of normal control group (P<0 .05) .The up -regulation of expression of Nrf2 ,SOD1 ,HO -1 mRNA(1 .11 ± 0 .05 ,1 .45 ± 0 .12 ,1 .15 ± 0 .03) in noise group were higher than those of in the normal control group after noise exposure 7 days later (1 .00 ± 0 .02 ,1 .10 ± 0 .12 ,0 .92 ± 0 .08) ,and the differences were statistically sig‐nificant (P<0 .05) .And in Peggy Sue trace detection system ,we also found SOD1 ,HO -1 protein levels in noise group were higher than those of in normal control group .Conclusion After the noise -induced cochlear injury in rat ,Nrf2 expression in the cochlea increased and up-regulatd expression of downstream gene and protein content such as antioxidant enzymes SOD1 and HO-1gene by regulating Nrf2 /Keapl-ARE signaling pathway ,which may be involved in protection against oxidative stress injury in noise-induced cochlear injury of rat .

To study which subgroup of bone marrow derived cells formed myofibroblasts and the mechanism that transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) regulates the formation of bone marrow derived macrophages into myofibroblasts during renal fibrosis.Chimeric mice were generated by lethally irradiation of C57 mice followed by transfusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled bone marrow cells.Complete marrow reconstitution was developed until 12 weeks after transplantation.The mice were randomly divided into Sham operation group,unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) 3 days group,UUO5 days group,UUO7 days group and UUO7 with TGFβ1 treatment group.Each group had four mice.Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell components.Compared with Sham operation group the proportions of GFP + CD+14 oα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) + cells,GFP + CD+44 CD+105 α-SMA+ cells and GFP+ F4/80+ α-SMA+ cells in each UUO group were progressively increased and the transformation rate in UUO7 day group was the highest.The GFP+ F4/80 + α-SMA+ cells accounted for the largest population.TGFβ1 promoted the transformation of bone marrow derived macrophages into myofibroblasts.Compared with Sham operation group or UUO7 day group,the proportion of GFP+ F4/80+ α-SMA+ cells increased in UUO7 day TGFβ1 treatment group.Compared with Sham operation group (or UUO7 days group) the protein expressions of F4/80,oα-SMA,Collagen Ⅰ increased in UUO7 with TGFβ1 group.Bone marrow derived macrophages are considered as the main type of myofibroblast precursors during the development of renal fibrosis.TGFβ1 regulates the transformation of bone marrow-derived macrophages into myofibroblasts.This process contributes to progressive renal fibrosis and deterioration of renal function.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic features of silibinin from Jiqi Injection(JI) in Beagle dogs,and to observe the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins,another active component in JI,on pharmacokinetics of silibinin. Methods The Beagle dogs received intravenous injection of JI and silibinin,and then its plasma sample was collected in different time. The plasma samples of Beagle were prepared by hydrolysis with sulfatase-? glucuronidase complex enzyme and liquid-liquid extraction with aether. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine the plasma concentration of silibinin,and the pharmacokinetic parameters were performed by BAPP2.3 program. Results The pharmacokinetics of two tested preparations met with two-compartment model. There were not significant differences between pharmacokinetic parameters of JI and that of Silibinin Injection. Conclusion The silibinin in Jiqi Injection has a fast in-vivo clearance rate after intravenous injection,and Panax notoginseng saponins have no effect on its pharmacokinetic parameters.