In addition to parameter setting and mechanics monitoring,respiratory wavetorms are helpful for respiratory therapist in getting the real-time changes of respiratory mechanics and dynamically adjusting ventilator parameters.The curves of pressure to time,flow to time and volume to time accompanied by the loops of pressure to volume.flow to volume and pressure to flow can be displayed dynamically in new type ventilators.It will be definitely helpful to us to make good use of ventilator.

Tetramine poisoning still occurs and seriously impairs children' s health. Some children suffered from brain injury or death. Diagnosing accurately as soon as possible, eliminating poison rapidly,using antidotes timely and controlling convulsion quickly are the crucial treatment principles.

Severe hand foot and mouth disease can lead to death when accompanied by neurogenic pulmonary edema. Early identifying involvement of central nervous system, focusing on the evidences of excited sympathetic nerve tension and high risks of neurogenic pulmonary edema, monitoring respiratory rate,dyspnea, cyanosis, fine and medium rales in lungs are critical to prognosis. Managing fluid loading strictly, decreasing intracranial hypertension, supporting actively respiratory function and strengthening airway management are key points for the treatment of neurogenic pulmonary edema.

Hypertensive emergencies,though uncommon in children,are often involving severe organ dysfunction and potentially life threatening.Early recognition of hypertensive crisis and properly management to control the blood pressure are the key points of the treatment.Drug therapy is an important antihypertensive treatment.

Training technologies on life support for pediatric critical illness mainly include basic life support,pediatric advanced life support,neonatal resuscitation program,pediatric trauma life support,pediatric fundamental critical care support,and simulation-based medical education.This article introduced and summarized the contents of training technologies on life support for pediatric critical illness,and elucidated the status on each project and its vision.

The key mechanism of severe infection (sepsis) is systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome. Continuous blood purification (CBP) is helpful for treatment of sepsis through removing medium and large molecular weight inflammatory mediators. Clinical application and lab researches have confirmed that CBP can stabilize cardiopulmonary function in patients with severe sepsis. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration, continuous plasma filtration absorption and high volume hemofiltration can play a role in lowering inflammatory mediators in plasma and tissue. CBP has revealed a good prospect in the treatment of severe sepsis in children.

High-frequency ventilation ( HFV) is theoretically an ideal ventilatory mode for lung pro-tection. It also delivers extremely small tidal volumes near to or less than the anatomically invalid cavity (about 2ml/kg) at very high respiratory frequencies (recognized ventilation frequency about 4 times more than the normal range) . Compared to the conventional mechanical ventilation,HFV makes use of lung-open mode,with low tidal volume, low airway pressure, low thoracic pressure and end-exhaling pressure effect, which can avoid recruitment/derecruitment of alveoli to reduce pressure injuries on lung tissue and airway. Nowadays,more and more critical care practitioners implement this ventilation mode. We reviewed the princi-ples,classification,parameters,and clinical indications of HFV in this article.

Trauma is one of the main reasons for the death and disability in children.Ultrasonic tech-nology has been applied in the early assessment and diagnosis of trauma.it is quick,effective,non-invasive, fast imaging,mobile and suitable for different patients and different parts of the body.It has been used to as-sess the organs in patients with severe trauma widely.

It has widely spread thta critical li lness is characterizedas a sat te of immunosuppression and inflammation,and patients are unable to provide their own nourishment.So it has lead to the ed velopment of un tritional support por ducts or interventions designed to enhance the host immune response and/or suppress the inflammation.But there′s still a lot of controversy about immunonutrition in critically ill patients.This pa-per reviewed the research status of immunonutrition and nutritional support products.

Nutritional and metabolic disorders are the common problems in PICU. They often lead to deterioration in child nutrition and vice versa. Reasonable assessment of the energy consumption can provide theoretical basis for proper nutrition support in critically ill children. In this review, the methods of evaluating the energy consumption which included energy metabolism measurement and prediction equations were introduced, and the importance of indirect calorimetry was emphasized. Meanwhile, the research situation of energy consumption assessment at home and abroad and the current status of its clinical application were also reviewed.