Objective To evaluate application of antihypertensive drugs.Methods We counted up and analyzed the sum of money,using frequency,quantity and dayly therapeutic fees of the antihypertensive drugs by methods of money ranker and DDDs analysis.Results The most often used antihypertensive drugs were the three as follows:calcium channel blocker,?-receptor blocker and angiotensinⅡ receptor antagonist.We earned more money for the three antihypertensive drugs:calcium channel blocker,angiotensinⅡ receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.Conclusions The using of antihypertensive drugs is rational.And also we should avoid adverse reaction caused by these drugs compatibility use and ensure medicative safety.

BACKGROUND:Studies suggested that blood loss was great during total knee arthroplasty, even blood transfusion was needed. Application of the tourniquet wil destroy the coagulation system, and is not conducive to hemostasis after replacement. Recently, tranexamic acid has been extensively used to reduce blood loss during total knee arthroplasty, because of low price, simple administration pathway, and effective effects on hemostasis. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the application and safety of tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty. METHODS:The first author retrieved PubMed and Chinese Journal Ful Text Database for articles from inception to October 2015. The key words were tranexamic acid, total knee arthroplasty, hemorrhage. More than 200 articles were retrieved, and finaly 50 articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Tranexamic acid is a fibrinolytic inhibitor, can reversibly block the binding of plasminogen to fibrin, effectively inhibit fibrinolysis, and reduce hemorrhage after total knee arthroplasty. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the use, dose and effect of tranexamic acid on hemostasis among different studies. Tranexamic acid was an effective drug for hemostasis during total knee arthroplasty. During total knee arthroplasty, tranexamic acid had been used to reduce dominant blood loss and hidden blood loss after arthroplasty, and could not increase the risk for venous thrombosis of lower limb. Currently, the timing of use, dosage, route of administration, and possible complications of tranexamic acid remain controversial.

Objective To investigate the CT imaging features of urinary tract ceftriaxone-associated pseudolithiasis.Methods The CT imaging data of three patients with ceftriaxone-associated pseudolithiasis were collected from August,2008 to April,2012.Their data combined with related literatures were used to review CT imaging features of urinary tract pseudolithiasis.Those three patients,including 2 males and 1 female,were 9,21 and 55 years old,respectively.Ceftriaxone sodium was administrated to one patient due to appendicitis and the other two patients due to urinary tract infection.After ceftriaxone treatment,1 case began to have backache and abdominal pain on day 13,1 case presented backache with floc in the urine on day 2 and progressed to anuria,and the other one had cotton-like material in the urine on day 5.Urinary tract high density shadows were found in all patients by CT scan.The patient with anuria was treated with ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.The other 2 cases were arranged to be followed up with CT scan.In those cases,the CT showed that the high density shadow in one patient disappeared 16 days after drug discontinuation.The high density shadow was significantly reduced 12 days after ceftriaxone withdrawal in the other one.However,no follow-up was performed afterwards.Results All the urinary tract ceftriaxone-associated pseudolithiasis presented the high density shadows on CT,with CT value 47-667 HU.The density of CT results is homogenic,except one ureteral stone.The pseudolithiasis,existed in kidney,ureter and bladder simultaneously,were found in two patients.And the other patient was found that the pseudolithiasis existed in both kidney and bladder.Two cases were accompanied with hydroureter and hydronephrosis and the other case were accompanied with cholecystolithiasis.The multiple renal pseudolithiasis was noticed in 2 cases,which exhibited the nodular shape.And one patient with hydronephrosis presented both sand-like and nodular stones.Ureteral pseudolithiasis was found in 1 case with 4 stones and the other one with 2 stones.In those pseudolithiasis,5 appeared column morphology and one showed nodular shape.The single nodular stone in bladder was found in one case.And the multiple bladder stones were found in 2 cases.Conclusions The CT imaging characters of urinary tract ceftriaxone-associated pseudolithiasis are high homogenic density shadows in multiple parts of bilateral urinary tracts.The ceftriaxone-associated pseudolithiasis is column shape in ureter and sand-like or nodular shape in kidney and bladder.

BACKGROUND: There are more measurement data about knee joint at home and abroad, but few data about the northern China, especially Inner Mongolia region. Whether the posterior slope angle of tibial plateau in local area differs from that of Chinese or foreigners is rarely reported.OBJECTIVE: To measure the posterior slope angle of the medial tibial plateau in healthy Mongolia population, and to compare the differences of different measurement methods, so as to understand the anatomical characters of tibial plateau in Inner Mongolia region.METHODS: Sixty Mongolian volunteers were recruited, the 20 cm upper and under the knee joint were scanned bilaterally by GE64 row spiral CT, and the three-dimensional model of the knee was established on Mimics16.0 software, followed by processed through fairing, filling, separation and cutting. Afterwards, the angel between anterior cortical bone extension line of upper tibia (method A), tibia anatomical axis (method B), line perpendicular to the posterior cortical bone extension line of upper tibia (method C) and upper edge line of the tibial plateau was measured,respectively. The posterior slope angle of the medial tibial plateau (90°-measured angle) was obtained and compared.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The posterior slope angle of the medial tibial plateau measured by methods A, B and C was (11.16±3.39)°, (8.60±3.29)° and (5.30±4.40)°, respectively, and the former two were similar with those reported by Wang Ye-hua and Luo Ji-wei (P > 0.05). (2) There were significant differences in the posterior slope angle of the left and right medial tibial plateau among methods (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between left and right sides (P > 0.05). (3) There was no significant difference in the posterior slope angle of the left and right medial tibial plateau between genders (P > 0.05). (4) These results indicate that the Mongolian population show smaller posterior slope angle of the tibial plateau, but the angle exhibits great individual difference, thereafter, an individualize scheme should be developed before osteotomy.

Objective:To describe a feasible surgical technique for patients with renal cell carcinoma associated with a supradiaphragmatic tumor thrombus that avoids cardiopulmonary bypass procedure. Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 2 cases with right kidney tumor and tumor thrombus above the dia-phragm treated in April and August,2015.The two patients were both female,aged 73 and 67 years. The tumor sizes of right kidneys were 7.0 cm ×6.3 cm ×5.7 cm and 8.7 cm ×7.0 cm ×5.2 cm,and the tumor thrombuses were 1.3 cm and 1.8 cm above the diaphragm.The second patient had synchro-nous metastasis in right adrenal gland ,and the tumor thrombus arose from the adrenal vein but not the renal vein.Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)was used to assess real-time mobility of the thrombus.A modified chevron incision was used,the right kidney was mobilized laterally and pos-teriorly,and the renal artery was identified,ligated,and divided.The infradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava (IVC)was exposed and isolated by mobilizing the liver off the diaphragm or to the left (piggyback liver mobilization,case 2).The central diaphragm tendon was dissected or incised in the midline until the supradiaphragmatic intrapericardial IVC was identified and gently pulled beneath the diaphragm and into the abdomen.The tumor thrombus was then “milked”downward out of the intrapericardial IVC un-der the guidance of TEE.The distal and proximal IVC to the tumor thrombus,porta hepatis,and left re-nal vein were clamped.Tumor thrombus was removed from the IVC.The IVC was sutured and vascular clamps were placed below the major hepatic veins.Pringle’s maneuver was then released and hepatic blood drainage was permitted during closure of the remaining IVC.Related literature was reviewed.Re-sults:Complete resection was successful through the transabdominal approach without CBP in both pa-tients.Estimated blood loss was 1 500 mL and 2 000 mL,and 1 200 mL and 800 mL of blood were trans-fused.The postoperative courses were uneventful.Both patients subsequently underwent tyrosine-kinase inhibitor therapy.Both patients were alive without tumor recurrence or new metastasis during the follow-up of 6 months and 9 months.Conclusion:In selected cases,renal cell carcinoma extending into the IVC above the diaphragm can be resected without sternotomy,CBP or DHCA.

Background and purpose:Cancer is a common disease. Multidisciplinary approach is the best model for cancer treatment. Cancer staging is the basis for diagnosis, treatments and prediction of prognosis.The survey is to give an overview of the current application of cancer multidisciplinary approach and UICC or other international cancer staging in mainland China. We made inquiries to our Chinese oncologists’ experience of using these staging and share their comments and recommendations. For those cancers common in China, Chinese oncologists and academic societies should provide more information of staging, therapies, outcome, prognostic predictors of prognosis, etc. to make international stage systems, like UICC or AJCC, a more appropriate, accurate and acceptable guide to individual patients’ staging and treatment, to predict outcome and to facilitate clinical trials better. Methods: This survey was done from 2012 to 2013 by questionnaires. The questions were answered for 10 major cancers in China (liver cancer, esophageal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, gynecologic cancer, prostate cancer and lymphoma). Thirty-three questionnaires have been answered by national wide hospitals including provincial cancer hospitals, district cancer hospitals and departments of oncology in general hospitals. We also site visited 7 grade B hospitals. Results:Multidisciplinary approach is not widely used in the hospitals. UICC or AJCC stages have been widely used for 10 cancers, but for cancers that were uncommon in the West;while common in China (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, liver cancer) the staging proposed by Chinese society have also been used to replace UICC/AJCC. Conclusion:We suggest a wild implementation of multidisciplinary approach. For those cancers common in China Chinese oncologists and academic societies should provide more information of staging, therapies, outcome, prognostic predictors of prognosis etc. to make international stage systems, like UICC or AJCC, a more appropriate, accurate and acceptable guide to individual patients’ staging and treatments, to predict outcome and to facilitate clinical trials better.

Objective: Testicular mixed germ cell tumor is mixed with embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, seminoma and other two or more components of the testicular tumor, the clinical is relatively rare and high degree of malignancy, this article will summarize its clinical features and optimize its treatment.Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 22 patients with testicular tumor mixed germ cell in Peking University Third Hospital from May 1994 to November 2016 was conducted using a combination of statistical analysis and discussion of the relevant literature.Results: The mean age of the 22 patients was (30.8±10.4) years and the rate of cryptorchidism was 13.6%.The maximum diameter of the tumor was (5.1±2.7) cm.The pathological results suggested that 12 cases (54.5%) contained two different germ cell tumor components, 7 cases (31.8%) contained 3 different tumor components, 2 cases (9.2%) contained 4 different tumor components, and 1 case (4.5%) contained 5 different tumor components.Tumor constituent analysis included yolk sac tumors(16 cases, 72.7%), mature teratoma (7 cases, 31.8%), immature teratoma (5 cases, 22.7%), embryonal carcinoma (17 cases, 77.3%) , choriocarcinoma (4 cases, 18.1%) and seminoma (6 cases, 27.3%).American Joint Committee of Cancer tumor staging indicated 19 cases of stage Ⅰ a tumor, 2 cases of stage Ⅱa tumor and 1 case of stage Ⅲa tumor.The mean values of human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase were 414.50 MIU/mL, 242.95 μg/L, 196.95 U/L (preoperative) and 17.20 MIU /mL, 90.20 μg/L, 183.70 U/L (postoperative within a year), and the comparison of the P values between the preoperative and the postoperative within a year were 0.079, 0.043 and 0.624.Fourteen patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph nodes dissection.Most patients lived with long-term survival (94.4%) after operation.Conclusion: Comprehensive treatment of radical orchiectomy with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy combined with necessary radiotherapy or chemotherapy might help to control the tumor and achieve long-term survival for most patients with testicular mixed germ cell tumor.

Objective To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on tau phosphorylation and PI3K/ Akt pathway in the hippocampus of obese rats,and provide some theoretical basis for physical activity improving obesity-related neurological disorders.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 weeks were randomly assigned to either a high-fat or a normal diet protocol for 12 weeks.Animals submitted to the high-fat diet were further divided into two groups:a sedentary group (HF-Sed) and an exercise group (HF-Ex).The rats fed the normal diet were also divided into a sedentary group (ND-Sed)and an exercise group (ND-Ex).The rats in the HF-Ex and ND-Ex groups underwent a treadmill training for 8 weeks.Then the hippocampus was isolated at 48h after the last exercise.The protein and phosphorylation levels of tau,glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β),phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt were assayed using Western blotting.Results After 12 weeks of feeding,55％ of rats in the high-fat diet group reached the conditions for the obesity model.After 8 weeks of treadmill exercises,in the HF-Sed group the phosphorylation level of tau was significanlty higher than that in the ND-Sed group,while in the HF-Ex group that was significantly lower than the HF-Sed group.Moreover,in the HF-Sed group the phosphorylation level of GSK3β Ser9 was significantly lower,and the phosphorylation level of GSK3β Tyr216 was significantly higher than the ND-Sed group,indicating the activity of GSK3β was significantly higher than the ND-Sed group.However,after 8 weeks of treadmill exercise,in the HF-Ex group the phosphorylation level of GSK3β Ser9 was signfiicantly higher,and the phosphorylation level of GSK3β Tyr216 was signficanlty lower than the HF-Sed group,indicating significantly lower activity of GSK3β than the HF-Sed group.Then,in the HF-Sed group the protein levels of PI3K p110 and p85 subunits,and the phosphorylation levels of Akt Thr308 and Ser473 were significantly lower than those in the ND-Sed group,indicating inhibited activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway.However,in the HF-Ex group the protein levels of PI3K p110 and p85 subunits and the phosphorylation levels of Akt Thr308 and Ser473 were significanlty higher than those in the HF-Sed group,showing the activity of PI3K/Akt pathway was enhanced.Conclusion Obesity induces tau hyperphosphorylation in the rats hippocampus and long-term aerobic exercises can reduce tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing PI3K/Akt pathway activity and inhibiting GSK3β activity.It has a positive effect on delaying the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and improving obesity-related neurological disorders.

Objective To explore the changes of proteomic spectra from plasma of patients with lung cancer or benign lung diseases and health controls in order to establish a primary diagnosis model of lung cancer. Methods The proteomic spectra from plasma of 108 patients with lung cancer, 40 patients with benign lung diseases and 22 healthy individuals were analysed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry ( SELDI-TOF-MS). The best decision tree model was established by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Then the model was blindly validated by the protein of 21 patients with lung benign diseases and 47 patients with stage I lung cancer. Results Twenty-three significantly differentially expressed protein peaks were successfully detected (P <0.001). Blinded validation suggested that the accuracy for diagnosing lung cancer was 72. 06%, the sensitivity and specificity were 72. 34% and 71.43%, respectively, and the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 85. 0% and 78. 95%, respectively. Conclusion SELDI-TOF-MS protein chip technology provides a new tool for the early diagnosis of lung cancer.

AIM:To investigate the effect of N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) on the Notch signaling pathway in a model of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) damage.METHODS:HUVECs were divided into control group, ox-LDL group, DAPT group and ox-LDL+DAPT group.The morphological changes of the HUVECs with different treatments were observed under light microscope.The viability of the HUVECs was measured by CCK-8 assay.The protein expression levels of Notch1, Notch4 and Jagged1 were determined by Western blot.RESULTS:ox-LDL induced great damage to the HUVECs, evidenced by increased cell death and debris in the culture.However, the cell damage was abolished by adding DAPT into the culture.The viability of the HUVECs was increased by co-treatment with DAPT and ox-LDL.ox-LDL treatment significantly decreased the protein expression levels of Notch1 and Jagged1, and elevated Notch4.However, these changes were totally reversed by DAPT.None of these proteins showed significant change in the HUVECs co-treated with DAPT and ox-LDL as compared with control group.CONCLUSION:ox-LDL is able to induce HUVEC damage in vitro.DAPT attenuates ox-LDL-induced damage in the HUVECs by regulating the Notch signaling pathway.