OBJECTIVE:To provide references and suggestions for the further development of pharmaceutical industry in Hangzhou city.METHODS:Using the classic normal form of SCP in the industry economics,i.e.market structure-the manufacturer behavior-market performance,a transverse and longitudinal comparative study was carried out on the market structure,the manufacturer behavior and the market performance of the Hangzhou's pharmaceutical industry between 2003 and 2006.RESULTS:Hangzhou's pharmaceutical industry was characterized by oligarch model in concentration degree,low differentiation in products;high barrier of entry and exit;low strength in advertisement,and rational in the merge and recombination.The manufacturers in this area attached increasingly importance to technological progress and the market performance was remarkable.CONCLUSIONS:Considering the status quo of Hangzhou's pharmaceutical industry,it is advisable for the manufacturers enlarge and strengthen their business,enhance its R&D investment and product differentiation,and stick to the market-oriented marketing concept.

Guangxi COFCO innovates its annual 200 000 ton cassava ethanol production in recent years. To evaluate the energy input/output of the production process, we used the domestic life cycle model. The calculation results show that the net energy value was 9.56 MJ/L ethanol. Energy input for ethanol production was 51.3% of the total. 61.5% of energy input for ethanol production was used for steam input in ethanol distillation. Energy produced from by-product was 5.03 MJ/L ethanol. Hence, efficient use of raw materials is an important measure to improve the energy efficiency in Guangxi COFCO and energy compensation from byproducts has key impact on the net energy saving.
Biofuels ; China ; Ethanol ; Manihot

[Summary] In the treatment of very-early stage hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) , several therapies have their own strengths . Liver transplantation, surgical resection, and percutaneous ablation are the most effective procedures for very-early stage HCC.Liver transplantation is difficult to carry out due to lack of donors .Surgical resection and percutaneous ablation are the most commonly used methods with ideal effects .Compared with surgical resection , percutaneous ablation has its obvious advantages in patients with small HCC and senile patients , but the recurrence rate is relatively high .When the above mentioned three methods are not feasible , transarterial chemoembolization is a remedial treatment .Combined use of local therapy is superior to topical therapy alone and suitable for patients with unresectable lesions .Theobserving therapystill needs more clinical studies to confirm its safety and effectiveness .

Objective To study the prevention and treatment of severe complications of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(PRFA)for hepatic malignancy. Methods A series of 939 patients with primary hepatic carcinoma or hepatic metastasis confirmed by pathological examinations or clinical manifestations underwent 1098 treatments of PRFA between January 2006 and December 2009. All the patients were followed up to study the short-or long-term complications related to PRFA. Results Complications developed in 9 patients: bile duct injury (4 patients), hemothorax (2 patients), and intra-abdominal hemorrhage (3 patients). The incidence of complication was 0.82% (9/1098) and the complication-related mortality was 11.1% (1/9). Conclusions Although PRFA which is minimally invasive, is a safe and effective treatment, there were still risks for this procedure, especially when the tumor is located at the portahepatic region or the patient has coagulopathy. Some serious complications can be prevented. It is important to observe the strict indications for RFA and to carry out the procedure carefully. Early detection of complication is important.

Objective To retrospectively analyze computerized tomography (CT) imaging features of colorectal cancer with chronic schistosomiasis in order to improve the diagnostic accuracy.Methods Eighty patients whose diagnosis was pathologically confirmed as colorectal cancer with schistosomiasis were collected from Tongji Hospital and Kunshan Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2007 to December 2012.All the patients underwent abdominal plain CT and contrast-enhanced CT scan.The lesion location,morphology,size,calcification features,enhancement patterns and cancer metastasis were evaluated and compared by two radiologists who were blind to the diagnosis.Twenty colorectal cancer cases without schistosomiasis from the same area were also collected as controls.Results CT imaging showed that the tumors all occurred in the colon and rectum in 80 patients,mainly in colon descendens,colon sigmoideum and rectum.The lesion was characterized by irregular bowel wall thickening with soft tissue masses,and the average length of impaired intestine was (21.35 ± 4.50) cm.The lesions were solitary in 68 cases (85.0％) and were multifocal in 12 cases (15.0％).Linear,spotty and small patchy calcifications were seen in all the patients,with margins unclear in 59 patients (73.8％) and margins clear in 21 patients (26.2％).Early phase enhancement was seen in 68 cases (85.0％),of which 45 cases (56.2％) had homogenous enhancement and 23 cases (28.8％) had heterogeneous enhancement.Late phase enhancement was seen in 73 cases (91.2％) and necrosis was hardly seen.Only two cases (2.5％) had liver metastasis without lymphatic metastasis.All the 20 colorectal cancer cases without schistosomiasis presented with single lesion,which was characterized by irregular bowel wall thickening and local ulcer.The average length of impaired intestine was (6.90±3.40) cm.No calcification was seen in these lesions.All cases had early phase lesion with remarkable heterogeneous enhancement with low density necrotic area.The late phase enhancement was decreased.Four cases (20.0％) had liver metastasis.Compared to cases without schistosomiasis,cases with schistosomiasis tended to have multifocal (x2=100,P=0.000) and longer lesion (t=45.506,P=0.000),and more calcification (x2=100,P=0.000).The early phase heterogeneous enhancement was less frequent (x2 =88,P=0.000) and late phase enhancement was more frequent (x2=100,P=0.000).The liver metastasis rate was significantly lower (x2 =8.688,P =0.014).Conclusions The CT imaging of colorectal cancer with schistosomiasis is characterized by calcifications inside the tumor with obscured margins and multiple intestinal segments involvement.Hematogenous metastasis and lymphatic metastasis are rarely seen.

Objective To identify the types,frequency and risk factors of major complications using microwave ablation (MWA) to treat liver malignancies in a single center.Methods Using the electronic medical record system,patients with liver cancer who were treated with MWA from January 2010 to November 2015 were retrospectively studied,and the risk factors of severe complications were analyzed.Results Of the 7 403 patients who were treated with MWA (12 558 ablations).96 cases experienced severe complications (1.3％) and 5 patients died (0.07％).The complications included liver abscess (n ＝ 34,0.46％),pleural effusion (n ＝ 20,0.27％),bile duct injury (n ＝ 15,0.20％),hemorrhage (n ＝ 6,0.08％),liver failure (n ＝ 6,0.08％),extrahepa-tic organ injuries (n ＝ 5,0.07％),cancerous cells implantation of abdominal walls (n ＝ 2),cardiac arrest (n ＝ 1),vascular thrombosis (n ＝ 1),renal insufficiency (n ＝ 1),and patients with other associated diseases which developed after the MWA therapy (n ＝2).Metastatic liver cancer and earlier treatment of MWA sessions were associated with a higher major complication rate (P ＜ 0.05).Conclnsions MWA is a well-tolerated local treatment for liver cancer,with an acceptably low incidence of severe complications.Liver abscess was the most common postoperative severe complication.The surgeons＇ experience and tumor type were associated with the incidence of severe complications,however,not relavant with the frequency of preoperative ablations.Appropriate measures can be taken to effectively reduce the risk of serious complications.

Objective To investigate the efficiency and prognostic factors for the patients with hepatocel-lular carcinoma (HCC) at unresectable early stage when treated with percutaneous microwave ablation. Methods From January 2007 to January 2010 , 105 cases of at unresectable early stage were treated with percutaneous microwave ablation. Complete response rate, major complication rate, overall survival rates, disease-free survival rate were observed and prognostic risk factors were analyzed. Results The complete response rate was 95.7%. The major complication ratewas 3.8%. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 97.1%, 66.7%, 46.7%, and the corresponding disease-free survival rates were 82.9%, 48.6%, 31.4%, respectively. Age > 65 year and tumor size > 3 cm were independent risks for disease-free survival. Age > 65 year and recurrence were independent risks for overall survival. Conclusions Percutaneous microwave ablation is a safe and efficient ther-apy for HCC at unresectable early stage.

Objective To investigate the influence of tissue-specific growth hormone receptor (GHR)deficiency in type 1 diabetes in the mice at the gene level using pancreaticβcells combined with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes model.Methods The experiment was divided into four groups:knockout mice group (LLc knockout group), using the homozygotes (LLc:LL+Cre) producted by pancreaticβ cell-specific expressed recombinant enzyme mice (RIP-Cre)and Cre-LoxP system modified GHR mice (Floxed,LL);LL control group, containing Floxed GHR allele homozygous mice (LL);LLc STZ group and LL STZ group (STZ was used for inducing type 1 diabetes model mice). The mice with feeding glucose≥25 mmol · L-1 were considered to be successful models.The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT),pancreas tissue HE staining and immunohistochemistry were performed in the mice.Results The blood glucose of the mice in LL STZ group and LLc STZ group and LLc STZ group were increased after inj ection of STZ and the models achieved the diagnostic criteria for diabetes 1 6 d later.The results of GTT showed that compared with LLc control group and LLc knockout group, the blood glucose levels of the mice in LL STZ and LLc STZ groups were increased (P<0.05).There was no significant change of morphology and structure of islets between LL control group and LLc knockout group detected by HE staining. The immunohistochemistry results showed that the insulin level of the mice in LL STZ group was significantly reduced compared with LL control group;the insulin level of the mice in LLc STZ group was reduced compared with LLc control group.Conclusion Pancreaticβcell GHR gene knockout has no effect on the blood glucose and the function ofβcells in the mice with STZ-induced type 1 diabetes.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the expression of HBcAg in hepatocytes on the serum level of HBcAb and seroconversion of HBeAg after antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs). MethodsSerum samples and liver tissue paraffin sections were collected from 101 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who received antiviral therapy with NUCs in Nanfang Hospital and Panyu Central Hospital from January 2015 to June 2018. ELISA was used to measure the serum level of HBcAb, and immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of HBcAg in the liver. The GEO database (GSE96851) was analyzed to obtain differentially expressed genes in the liver of patients with HBcAg-positive hepatitis. The two-independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups; the multiple-independent-samples nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and Dunnett method was used for further comparisons; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. ResultsThe expression pattern of HBcAg in hepatocytes was classified as absent expression, nuclear expression, cytoplasmic expression, and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression, and according to expression level, HBcAg expression was classified as grades Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ expression. HBeAg seroconversion rates after 96 weeks of antiviral therapy were 5.88%, 16.67%, 22.73%, and 24.24%, respectively, in the patients with absent expression, nuclear expression, cytoplasmic expression, and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression (χ2=4753, P=0.037), and HBeAg seroconversion rates after 96 weeks of antiviral therapy were 5.88%, 13.04%, 27.59%, and 26.67%, respectively, in the patients with grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ expression (χ2=6.580, P=0.016). There were significant differences in the serum levels of HBcAb-IgM and total HBcAb between the patients with absent expression, nuclear expression, cytoplasmic expression, and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of HBcAg (HBcAb-IgM: H=9.760, P=0.021; total HBcAb: H=21.46, P＜0.001), and there were also significant differences in the serum levels of HBcAb-IgM and total HBcAb between the patients with grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV expression of HBcAg (HBcAb-IgM: H=18.80, P＜0.001; total HBcAb: H=26.03, P＜0.001). The analysis of differentially expressed genes in the liver showed that the expression of antibody-related genes was upregulated in the liver of patients with HBcAg-positive acute liver failure. ConclusionThe expression pattern and level of HBcAg in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes are associated with serum HBcAb, and the measurement of HBcAg may help to predict the efficacy of antiviral therapy with NUCs.

Objective To investigate the regulation of interferon α-1b (IFNα-1b) on protein kinase Cε(PKCε) and protein kinase Cα(PKCα) which inhibit the fibrosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) ,and to explore its mechanism .Methods HSC-T6 cells were treated with different levels of IFNα-1b (100 , 200 ,400 ,800 and 1000 U/mL) and the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells was analyzed by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay .Changes of hydroxyproline level were analyzed .The expressions of PKCεand PKCαwere detected by immunofluorescence staining . PKCε, PKCα,β-catenin and Survivin mRNA levels were detected by RT-PCR . PKCε, PKCα,β-catenin and Survivin protein levels were detected by Western blot . Variance analysis was conducted by using one-way ANOVA approach . Results The inhibition rates of 100 , 200 , 400 , 800 and 1000 U/mL IFNα-1b treatment after 24 hours of administration were (15 .85 ± 1 .05)％ ,(36 .59 ± 1 .03)％ ,(45 .12 ± 1 .05)％ ,(50 .00 ± 1 .01)％ and (62 .20 ± 1 .02)％ ,respectively ,with statistically significant differences among groups (F=27 .478 , P<0 .01) .The 48h inhibition rates were (20 .87 ± 1 .09)％ ,(43 .96 ± 1 .08)％ ,(53 .85 ± 1 .08)％ ,(64 .84 ± 1 .06)％ and (74 .72 ± 1 .07)％ ,respectively ,with statistically significant differences among groups (F=25 .321 , P< 0 .01 ) . half maximal inhibitory concentration at 48 h was 343 .47 U/mL . The levels of hydroxyproline in 100 ,200 and 400 U/mL IFNα-1b groups were (7 .48 ± 0 .28) ,(6 .26 ± 0 .17) and (3 .86 ± 0 .20) μg/mL ,respectively ,which were lower than that in control group (8 .47 ± 0 .32) μg/mL .The differences were all statistically significant (t=4 .033 ,10 .564 and 21 .160 ,respective ,all P<0 .05) .The fluorescence intensities of PKCεin 100 ,200 and 400 U/mL IFNα-1b groups were all lower than that of control group .The differences were statistically significant (t=1 .984 ,2 .457 and 7 .771 ,respectively ,all P<0 .05) .The fluorescence intensities of PKCαwere also significantly lower than that of control group (t=9 .232 ,15 .921 and 22 .222 ,respectively ,all P< 0 .01) .With the increase of IFNα-1b level ,the levels of HSC-T6 PKCε,PKCα,β-catenin and survivin were significantly lower than those of control group (t=7 .020 ,24 .562 ,45 .701 and 14 .241 ,respectively ,all P<0 .01) .With the increase of IFNα-1b ,the levels of HSC-T6 PKCε,PKCα,β-catenin and survivin were significantly lower than those of control group (t=9 .564 ,4 .409 ,10 .036 and 6 .794 ,respectively ,all P<0 .01) .Conclusions IFNα-1b can down-regulate the expression of collagen in hepatic stellate cells in a dose-dependent manner ,reduce the expressions of PKCε,PKCα,β-catenin and Survivin ,and inhibit the proliferation of HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cells .