AIM:To investigate the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC),a specific inhibitor of NF-?B on the proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cells and to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of PDTC.METHODS:Trans AMTM NF-?B p65 kit was used to detect the activity of p65 in K562 cells treated by PDTC. The effect of PDTC on the proliferation of K562 cells was measured by WST-1 method. DNA damage was detected by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The procaspase-3 and activated protein level of caspase-3 were detected by Western blotting.RESULTS:The activity of p65 in K562 cells was inhibited after treated by PDTC (P

AIM: To investigate the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific inhibitor of NF-κB on the proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cells and to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of PDTC.METHODS: Trans AM~(TM) NF-κB p65 kit was used to detect the activity of p65 in K562 cells treated by PDTC. The effect of PDTC on the proliferation of K562 cells was measured by WST-1 method. DNA damage was detected by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The procaspase-3 and activated protein level of caspase-3 were detected by Western blotting.RESULTS: The activity of p65 in K562 cells was inhibited after treated by PDTC (P<0.01). Simultaneously the cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in a dose-and time-dependent manner (P<0.01). The degree of DNA damage in K562 cells treated with PDTC at concentrations of 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L or 100 μmol/L was more severe than that in control. The rates of comet cells in the PDTC-treated groups (43.50%, 84.00%, 95.63%) were significantly higher than those in control (9.75%, P<0.01), and it was also dose-dependent. The expression of procaspase-3 and activated caspase-3 protein were detected in the cytoplasm of the K562 cells treated by PDTC by Western blotting.CONCLUSION: NF-κB plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in K562 cells. PDTC inhibits NF-κB activity and elevates the expression of caspase-3, which is related to increase in cell apoptosis.

AIM:To investigate the inhibitory effects of triptolide on cell proliferation and metastasis in Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Raji cells.METHODS: The effects of triptolide on the growth of Raji cells were studied by 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium(MTT) assay.The effects of triptolide on the cell apoptosis of Raji cells were detected by using Annexin Ⅴ/PI double-labled cytometry.The effects of triptolide on CXCR4 expression on Raji cells were studied by flow cytometric analysis.Chemotaxis assays were performed to observe the effects of triptolide on migration of Raji cells towards recombinant human SDF-1?(rhSDF-1?)in vitro.RESULTS: Triptolide inhibited the proliferation of Raji cells in a dose-and time-dependent way with a 24 h IC50 value of 43.06 nmol/L and a 36 h IC50 value of 25.08 nmol/L.Following the treatment of triptolide,the cell apoptosis rate was increased as the treatment concentration increased and the culture time extended.The effects were dose-and time-dependent.Triptolide could downregulate the expression of CXCR4 on Raji cells in a dose-dependent manner.Moreover,chemotaxis assay suggested that triptolide could block the migration of Raji cells to rhSDF-1? in vitro,and the inhibition was dose-dependent.CONCLUSION: Triptolide could inhibit the cell proliferation and induce the cell apoptosis of Raji cells.Furthermore,it could block the cell metastasis of Raji cells in vitro and the underlying mechanism might be related to the inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.

Aim To investigate whether the mechanism of curcumin antagonizing tumor correlates with histone acetylation/deacetylation,which is regarded as modulation of transcription level.Methods Measure the survival rates of Raji by treatment with various concentration of curcumin or TSA by the method of MTT;Measure the expression of acetylated histone_3 in Raji,HL60 and K562 when treated with various concenration of curcumin or TSA by means of Immunohistochemistry and FACS.Results Curcumin could inhibit Raji cell proliferation in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner.Curcumin at the concertration of 25 ?mol?L~(-1) could enhance acetylated histones in the three tumor cells(P

In order to examine the strong anticancer action and low toxicity of Trichostatin A (TSA), the effect of TSA was examined on the growth inhibition, acetylation of histone H3 and apoptosis in HL-60 cells by employing MTT, immunocytochemical techniques, and Annexin-V-FITC/ PI assay. Our results showed that TSA could inhibit proliferation of HL- 60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and the IC50 at the 36th h was 100 ng/ml. The apoptosis-inducing effect of TSA on HL-60 cells was also time- and dose-dependent. But it didn't demonstrate apparent apoptosis induction in NPBMNCs within specific dose and time range. Both of the acetylation of histone H3 in HL-60 cells and NPBMNCs increased significantly (P<0.05) after treated with 100 ng/ml TSA for 4 h. However, there was no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). It is concluded that TSA can inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of HL-60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and is able to selectively induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells but does not respond in NPBMNCs under the same conditions. The difference of TSA between HL-60 cells and NPBMNCs can't be explained by the regulation of histone acetylation.
Acetylation ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; HL-60 Cells ; Histone Deacetylases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Histone Deacetylases/*chemistry ; Hydroxamic Acids/*pharmacology

Overexpression of human ether-脿-go-go (eag) related gene (hERG) has been found in a broad range of human leukemia cell lines and primary human leukemia. The block of hERG protein might be a potential therapeutic strategy for leukemia. Gambogic acid (GA) has recently exhibited marked anti-tumor potency on solid tumors of various derivations. Here, we investigated the anti-leukemia effects of GA and its relation to the regulation of hERG in K562 leukemia cells in vitro. K562 cells were treated with various concentrations of GA (0.125-8.0 micromol/L) for 0-72 h. MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibition effect of GA on the growth of K562 cells. Cell apoptosis was measured through both Annexin-V FITC/PI double-labeled cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. Cell cycle regulation was studied by a propidium iodide method. RT-PCR and Western blot were applied to detect the expression level of hERG in K562 cells. GA presented striking growth inhibition and apoptosis induction potency on K562 cells in vitro in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The IC(50) value of GA for 24 h was 2.637+/-0.208 micromol/L. Moreover, GA induced K562 cells arrested in G(0)/G(1) phase, accordingly, cells in S phase decreased gradually, and no obvious changes were found in G(2)/M phase cells. Under the transmission electron microscopy, apoptotic bodies containing nuclear fragments were found in GA-treated K562 cells. After treatment with GA of 2.0 micromol/L for 24 h, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased from 4.09% to 18.47% (P<0.01). Overexpression of hERG channel was found in K562 cells, while GA could down-regulate it at both protein and mRNA levels (P<0.01). It was concluded that GA exhibited its anti-leukemia effects partially through down-regulating the expression level of hERG channel in K562 cells, suggesting that GA may be a potential agent against leukemia with a mechanism of blocking hERG channel.

The inhibitory effect of wortmannin on leukemic cells and the possible mechanisms were examined. K562 cells were treated with wortmannin of various concentrations (3.125-100 nmol/L) for 0-72 h. MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wortmannin on the growth of K562 cells. Cell apoptosis was detected by both Annexin-V FITC/PI double-labeled cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of p-Akt, T-p-Akt, NF-kappaBp65 and IKK-kappaB was determined by Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results showed that wortmannin obviously inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of K562 cells in vitro in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The IC(50) value of wortmannin for 24 h was 25+/-0.14 nmol/L. Moreover, wortmannin induced K562 cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. TEM revealed typical morphological changes of apoptosis in wortmannin-treated K562 cells, such as chromatin condensation, karyopyknosis, karyorhexis and apoptotic bodies. Additionally, several important intracellular protein kinases such as p-Akt, NF-kappaBp65 and IKK-kappaB experienced degradation of various degrees in a dose-dependent manner both at protein level and transcription level when cultured with wortmannin, but the expression of total Akt showed no change. It is concluded that wortmannin can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of K562 leukemia cells possibly by down-regulating the survival signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt and NF-kappaB channels).

In order to investigate the anti-leukemia effects of gambogic acid (GA) and its relation to the regulation of nucleoporin Nup88 in U937 cells in vitro, the inhibitory effect of GA on the growth of U937 cells was examined by using MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V FITC/PI double-labeled cytometry. Cell cycle regulation was studied by propidium iodide method. Both flow cytometry (FCM) and RT-PCR were employed to assess the expression of Nup88, and the localization of Nup88 was determined by confocal microscopy. The results indicated that GA had strong inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction activity in U937 cells in vitro in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The 24-h IC(50) value was (1.019+/-0.134) mg/L. Moreover, GA induced arrest of U937 cells in G(0)/G(1) phase. Over-expression of Nup88 was found in U937 cells, whereas GA could significantly down-regulate both the protein and mRNA levels of Nup88. Nup88 was diffusely distributed between nucleus and cytoplasm and was located at the cytoplasmic side of nuclear rim, and occasionally in cytoplasm. It is suggested that GA exerts its anti-leukemia effects by regulating the expression and distribution of nucleoporin Nup88. It promises to be new agent for the treatment of acute leukemia.
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/*pharmacology ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; U937 Cells ; Xanthones/*pharmacology

This study explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the time-dependent autophagy and apoptosis induced by nutrient depletion in human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 cells. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the transcriptional levels of Deptor, JNK1, JNK2, JNK3, Raf-1, p53, p21 and NFκB1 at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h after nutrient depletion in RPMI8226 cells. We found that transcriptional levels of Deptor were increased time-dependently at 0, 6, 12 and 18 h, and then decreased. Its alternation was consistent with autophagy. Transcriptional levels of Raf-1, JNK1, JNK2, p53 and p21 were increased time-dependently at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h accompanying with the increase of apoptosis. Transcriptional levels of NFκB1 at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h were decreased as compared with 0 h. It was suggested that all the studied signaling molecules were involved in cellular response to nutrient depletion in RPMI8226 cells. Deptor contributed to autophagy in this process. Raf-1/JNK /p53/p21 pathway may be involved in apoptosis, and NFκB1 may play a possible role in inhibiting apoptosis. It remained to be studied whether Deptor was involved in both autophagy and apoptosis.

The classification of lung tumor with the help of computer-aided diagnosis system is very important for the early diagnosis and treatment of malignant lung tumors. At present, the main research direction of lung tumor classification is the model fusion technology based on deep learning, which classifies the multiple fusion data of lung tumor with the help of radiomics. This paper summarizes the commonly used research algorithms for lung tumor classification, introduces concepts and technologies of machine learning, radiomics, deep learning and multiple data fusion, points out the existing problems and difficulties in the field of lung tumor classification, and looks forward to the development prospect and future research direction of lung tumor classification.