OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between plasma levels of carbon monoxide and blood-brain permeability in cirrhotic rats.

METHODSWe measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, plasma levels of carbon monoxide and amount of Evans blue in the brain tissue taken as the index of blood-brain permeability in cirrhotic rats (n=10) and controls (n=10).

RESULTSCirrhotic rats showed significant increases in plasma carbon monoxide and amount of Evans blue in brain tissue compared with controls [(18.37 +/- 1.79) micromol/L,(18.52 +.- 1.39) ng/mg vs (10.27 +/- 1.21) micromol/L, (15.08 +/- 1.06) ng/mg; P< 0.01]. Carbon monoxide levels in cirrhotic rats correlated positively with blood-brain barrier permeability and inversely with MAP (r=0.72, P< 0.01; r= -0.67, P< 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSCarbon monoxide, involving in the occurrence of hypotension and the increase of blood-brain barrier permeability, may play a role in the development of hepatic encephalopathy.

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; physiology ; Capillary Permeability ; physiology ; Carbon Monoxide ; blood ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; blood ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; blood

OBJECTIVETo study the population genetic variation, genetic diversity and phylogenesis of Anopheles sinensis in China.

METHODSAnopheles sinensis samples collected from Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region with different geographical conditions between 2010 and 2012 were analyzed by mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtDNA-COI) gene amplification and sequencing. Bioedit 7.0 and DnaSP 5.0 software was used to compare the gene sequences and analyze the population genetic structure, respectively. Arlequin 3.1 was used to calculate the genetic distance and parameters of population differentiation. The relationship between the geographic and genetic distances was analyzed using IBD Web Service. PHYLIP 3.6 was used to construct the phylogenetic tree.

RESULTSPCR amplification and sequencing was performed successfully for 6 Anopheles sinensis populations containing 123 female mosquitoes. The length of mtDNA-COI gene fragment was 841 bp with an average A+T content of 71.2% and G+C content of 28.8%. High nucleotide diversity and genetic differentiation were observed among the Anopheles sinensis populations based on mtDNA-COI gene. Analysis of the molecular variance revealed a greater variation between populations than that within populations with isolation by distance between the populations. The Anopheles sinensis populations appeared to have undergone expansion, but the Yunnan population constituted an isolated branch in the phylogenetic tree.

CONCLUSIONmtDNA-COI can serve as the molecular marker to analyze population genetic variation and phylogenesis of Anopheles sinensis. The Yunnan population shows a phylogenetic difference from the other populations analyzed in this study.

Animals ; Anopheles ; genetics ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Phylogeny