Clinics are a main institutional form for doctors to open personal business in China .The develop-ment process of clinic reflects the situation of medical staff free practice .This study summarized the supervision poli-cies on clinic in China since the founding of China and got three conclusions .The first one was the attitude of the practice of the clinic has changed significantly .The change include four stages which were authorization ( 1949—1957 ) , limitations ( 1958—1977 ) , re-authorization ( 1978—1996 ) , promotion and encourage ( 1997—) along with macroeconomic system reform and the changes of government's governance ideas on health sector .The second conclu-sion was that the government gradually raised awareness of the status and role of the clinic institutions in the health system over the past several decades .The third conclusion was the supervision policies became more meticulous .In the future , clinical institutions can be a useful supplement to public medical institutions in China for its development process and characteristics .

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor can reduce the postprandial hyperglycemia and have good effect on preventing and treating the diabetes and diabetic complication. Along with the application of acarbose which is a kind of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, many research groups pay attention to the crude alpha-glucosidase inhibitor screened from the medicinal herbs in order to find new, safe, and effective medicine. The development of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor screened from the medicinal herbs and its evaluation in vivo and vitro as well as the varieties of the medicinal herbs that contain alpha-glucosidase inhibitor in recent 30 years were summarized in this paper.
Cell Line ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors ; Humans ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Purpose: PIK3CA and TP53 are the most prevalently mutated genes in breast cancer (BC).Previous studies have indicated an association between concomitant PIK3CA/TP53 mutations and shorter disease-free survival. As its clinical utility remains largely unknown, we aimed to analyze the prognostic and predictive roles of this co-mutation. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were diagnosed with BC at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (GDPH) who underwent next-generation sequencing. The correlation of concomitant PIK3CA/TP53 mutations with clinicopathological and mutational characteristics, and neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) responses was analyzed. The Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) dataset was used to verify associations between concurrent mutations and survival outcomes. Results: In the GDPH cohort, concomitant PIK3CA/TP53 mutations were associated with more aggressive phenotypes, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive status, hormone receptor negative status, high Ki-67 expression, high histological grade, advanced TNM stage, and additional genetic alterations. Co-mutations also portended a worse response to NST, especially taxane-containing regimens, when compared with the TP53 mutant alone (odds ratio, 3.767; 95% confidence interval, 1.205–13.087; p = 0.028). A significant association was observed between concomitant PIK3CA/TP53 mutations and poor survival outcomes in the METABRIC cohort. Conclusion Concomitant PIK3CA/TP53 mutations not only suggested unfavorable features and poor prognosis in BC but also conferred less benefit to NST than TP53 mutations alone.