Cholecystokinin(CCK) is one of the first discovered gastrointestinal hormones and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain. CCK , as a neurotransmitter or modulator, is involved in many different biological processes. This review presents an updated overview of the anatomical distribution of CCK in brain, the changes of cerebral CCK gene expression and CCK level during brain injury, the neuroprotective effects of CCK and its underlying mechanisms.

AIM: To examine the effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: By using the suture model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of CCK-8 and proglumide, nonselective CCK receptors antagonist, on the infarct size, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in different brain regions of rats subjected to 1 h focal cerebral ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. RESULTS: (1) pretreatment with different doses of CCK-8 (0.3 ?g,1.0 ?g,2.0 ?g or 4.0 ?g) could attenuate the infarct size, but the statistically significant effects of CCK-8 were obtained only at the doses of 1.0 ?g and 2.0 ?g(P

The number of the patients with double primary cancers is increasing. Breast cancer and lung cancer are the two most common malignant tumors in women, seriously threatening the health of the majority of women. Although the lung is one of the most common metastatic sites of breast cancer, in recent years, there have been increasing cases of primary lung cancer in patients with breast cancer. The incidence of double primary cancers with breast cancer as the first primary cancer is much higher than that with lung cancer as the first primary cancer. Primary breast cancer is closely related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinicopathological features, diagnosis and treatment of double primary breast cancer and lung cancer with breast cancer as the first cancer.

With the research progress on the biology and pathogenesis of cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have come into being, bringing a new hope for the survival of patients with advanced cancer and opening a new era of cancer immunotherapy. However, with the wide application of immunotherapy in clinical practice, ICI-related adverse events (irAEs) have gradually emerged and are widely known by first-line clinicians. ICIs primarily activate T cells that can attack normal tissues and organs in the body and cause a variety of adverse reactions. Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is one of the rare complications with poor prognosis in irAEs. This article reviews the therapeutic mechanism of some ICIs; the incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical and imaging manifestations of CIP; and the classification and treatment management of CIP.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of radical surgery combined with irradiation in the treatment of rectal cancer and its effect on the angiogenesis and survival rate.Methods A total of 200 colorectal cancer patients admitted to Zhengzhou Central Hospital from March,2014 to March,2015 were recruited and divided into the observation group (n=105) and control group (n=95) by using random number table method.In the control group,radical surgery was performed,and radical surgery combined with irradiation was conducted in the observation group.The clinical efficacy,the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) were statistically compared between the control and observation groups.The changes of the microvascular morphology and microvessel density (MVD) in the rectal cancer tissues were observed and recorded.The 3-year survival rate was calculated during postoperative follow-up.Results After corresponding treatment,the clinical overall response rate was 86.67％ in the observation group,and 70.53％ in the control group (P＞0.05).The 2-year survival rate did not significantly differ between two groups (P＞0.05).The 3-year survival rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05).After treatment,the serum levels of VEGF-C and PGE2 were significantly improved in two groups (both P＜0.05).In the observation group,the serum levels of VEGF-C and PGE2 were significantly lower compared with those in the control group (both P＜0.05).The microvessel morphology in the cancer tissues remarkably differed between two groups.The microvessel diameter did not significantly differ,whereas the lumen diameter in the observation group was significantly smaller than that in the control group.The MVD in the observation group was 12.25±3.35,significantly lower than 28.14± 17.26 in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Radical surgery combined with irradiation is an efficacious treatment of rectal cancer,which can effectively improve the serum levels of VEGF-C and PGE2,decrease the MVD,reduce the lumen diameter in the cancer tissues,lower the angiogenesis in rectal cancer and enhance the survival rate,which deserves widespread application in clinical practice.