This article presents a transcutaneous electric stimulator that is based on chaotic signal. Firstly, we in the study used the MATLAB platform in the PC to generate chaotic signal through the chaos equation, and then we transferred the signal out by data acquisition equipment of USB-6251 manufactured by NI Company. In order to obtain high-power signal for transcutaneous electric stimulator, we used the chip of LM3886 to amplify the signal. Finally, we used the power-amplified chaotic signal to stimulate the internal nerve of human through the electrodes fixed on the skin. We obtained different stimulation effects of transcutaneous electric stimulator by changing the parameters of chaotic model. The preliminary test showed that the randomness of chaotic signals improved the applicability of electrical stimulation and the rules of chaos ensured that the stimulation was comfort. The method reported in this paper provides a new way for the design of transcutaneous electric stimulator.
Electrodes ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Skin ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

The objective of this study was to genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis and to determine if zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis could be found in stray cats from urban and suburban environments in Guangzhou, China. Among 102 fresh fecal samples of stray cats, 30 samples were collected in Baiyun district (urban) and 72 in Conghua district (suburban). G. duodenalis specimens were examined using light microscopy, then the positive specimens were subjected to PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing at 4 loci such as glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using obtained sequences by MEGA5.2 software. Results show that 9.8% (10/102) feline fecal samples were found to be positive by microscopy, 10% (3/30) in Baiyun district and 9.7% (7/72) in Conghua district. Among the 10 positive samples, 9 were single infection (8 isolates, assemblage A; 1 isolate, assemblage F) and 1 sample was mixed infection with assemblages A and C. Based on tpi, gdh, and bg genes, all sequences of assemblage A showed complete homology with AI except for 1 isolate (CHC83). These findings not only confirmed the occurrence of G. duodenalis in stray cats, but also showed that zoonotic assemblage A was found for the first time in stray cats living in urban and suburban environments in China.
Animals ; Cat Diseases/*parasitology ; Cats ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Feces/parasitology ; Giardia lamblia/*classification/cytology/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Giardiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Microscopy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

The objective of this study was to genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis and to determine if zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis could be found in stray cats from urban and suburban environments in Guangzhou, China. Among 102 fresh fecal samples of stray cats, 30 samples were collected in Baiyun district (urban) and 72 in Conghua district (suburban). G. duodenalis specimens were examined using light microscopy, then the positive specimens were subjected to PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing at 4 loci such as glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using obtained sequences by MEGA5.2 software. Results show that 9.8% (10/102) feline fecal samples were found to be positive by microscopy, 10% (3/30) in Baiyun district and 9.7% (7/72) in Conghua district. Among the 10 positive samples, 9 were single infection (8 isolates, assemblage A; 1 isolate, assemblage F) and 1 sample was mixed infection with assemblages A and C. Based on tpi, gdh, and bg genes, all sequences of assemblage A showed complete homology with AI except for 1 isolate (CHC83). These findings not only confirmed the occurrence of G. duodenalis in stray cats, but also showed that zoonotic assemblage A was found for the first time in stray cats living in urban and suburban environments in China.
Animals ; Cat Diseases/*parasitology ; Cats ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Feces/parasitology ; Giardia lamblia/*classification/cytology/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Giardiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Microscopy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

This study aimed to identify the assemblages (or subassemblages) of Giardia duodenalis by using normal or nested PCR based on 4 genetic loci: glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rRNA) genes. For this work, a total of 216 dogs' fecal samples were collected in Guangdong, China. The phylogenetic trees were constructed with MEGA5.2 by using the neighbor-joining method. Results showed that 9.7% (21/216) samples were found to be positive; moreover, 10 samples were single infection (7 isolates assemblage A, 2 isolates assemblage C, and 1 isolate assemblage D) and 11 samples were mixed infections where assemblage A was predominant, which was potentially zoonotic. These findings showed that most of the dogs in Guangdong were infected or mixed-infected with assemblage A, and multi-locus sequence typing could be the best selection for the genotype analysis of dog-derived Giardia isolates.
Animals ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Coinfection/parasitology/veterinary ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; Dog Diseases/parasitology ; Dogs ; Genotype ; Giardia lamblia/*classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Giardiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Glutamate Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Triose-Phosphate Isomerase/genetics

OBJECTIVETo analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of Hepatitis E (HEV) in Hunan province from 2006 to 2014.

METHODSData related to HEV cases in Hunan province from 2006 to 2014 were collected from the Infectious Diseases Reporting Information System in the formation System of Disease Prevention and Control of China. Based on ArcGIS (10.2) and SaTScan(version 9.1), spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time clustering analysis were used to study the prevalence on HEV.

RESULTSA total of 7 124 HEV cases were reported with 3 deaths during this period. The average annual incidence rate was 1.22/10(5). Most of the cases were over 55 years old and the majority of them (54.15%) were farmers. The distribution of HEV showed differences on locations and the regions with high incidence seen in northern and western areas of Hunan. However the regions with low incidence appeared in central or southern parts of Hunan. Data from the global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there was space autocorrelation on the HEV incidence rates in counties (cities, districts) (Moran'I was positive,P<0.05). A total of 31 countries were found in the high-high region with most of the clusters located in northern and western Hunan. According to local indication of spatial autocorrelation analysis, 31 countries in high-high region all showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). RESULTS from the space-time scan showed 7 space-time clustering areas, including those most likely in the western Hunan area (2012-2014); the secondary clusters in northern Hunan areas (2011-2014).

CONCLUSIONSSignificant cluster pattern was found in the distribution of HEV in Hunan province. Clusters found in northern and western of Hunan province were seen more than in other regions.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Cities ; Cluster Analysis ; Farmers ; statistics & numerical data ; Hepatitis E ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Space-Time Clustering ; Spatial Analysis