BACKGROUND:Catheter associated urinary tract infection is a difficult problem for clinical practice management, and its key pathogenesis is the bacterial biofilm formation on the surface of the catheter material. Therefore, developing a new anti-infective urinary catheter has become an area of interest in the current studies of anti-infective biological materials. OBJECTIVE:To review the research literatures on anti-infective urinary catheter, and provide a direction for further study and clinical application. METHODS:Al related Chinese patent papers of anti-infective urinary catheters were retrieved by Google’s proprietary search platform (http://www.google.com/advanced_patent_search) until the deadline of March 26, 2014, with the search strategy of‘Return the patents with the fol owing proprietary name:urinary catheter’. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:According to the predefined search strategy, 949 potential y relevant patent papers were screened out for further identification, and 23 papers referred to anti-infective catheters that were obviously eligible were included. The analyses showed that:(1) The antibacterial coating agents of the majority of papers were antibacterial agents of nano-inorganic metal cations, only four papers used antibiotic coated. (2) The drug-eluting catheters were mainly composite-coated. (3) The drug release modes from coating were mainly extended-release but release mechanism was not clarified. (4) The preparation process was chemical bond or ionic bond in one paper, blending methods in one paper, repeated electroplating in one paper, electrospinning technology in one paper, and physical impregnation methods in 12 papers (52.17%). (5) The antimicrobial mode was ultrasonic-antibacterial method in two patent papers, sterile sleeve in one paper, hydrophilic coating in one paper, catheter made by blending polymer material and anti-infective agents in one paper, drug coated films made by coating with antimicrobial drug liquid and drying process in 20 papers (82.61%). In conclusion, there have been no translational and applied clinical researches about the anti-infective urinary catheter, and the relevant researches were only at the laboratory level. The research methods of Chinese patent for anti-infective urinary catheter were limited, and need to be further improved.

Objective:To evaluate the curative effect and safety of fasudil hydrochloride injection in the prevention and treatment of aneurysm postoperative cerebral vasospasm by meta-analysis. Methods: The randomized controlled trials were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, VIP, Wangfang, CNKI and so on. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5. 0 software. Results:Totally 418 reference studies were screened, from which 11 ones were chosen including 786 patients in all. In the treatment of cerebral vasospasm (CVS), there was no significant difference between the groups (OR=1. 56, 95%CI:0. 95-2. 58, P>0. 05). While in the prevention of CVS, the incidence rate of CVS in fasudil group was significantly lower than that in nimodipine group ( OR=0. 43, 95%CI:0. 23-0. 81, P=0. 008). However, the incidence rate of ADR in fasudile group was higher than that in nimodipine group (OR=0. 43, 95%CI:0. 25-0. 75,P=0. 003). Conclusion:In the prevention of CVS, fasudil may be better than nimodipine, while the incidence of ADR is higher.

The rapid mutation and widely spread of duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) lead to the vast economic loss of the duck industry. To prepare and evaluate bivalent inactivated vaccine laboratory products of DHAV, 6 strains were screened from 201 DHAV-1 strains and 38 DHAV-3 strains by using serotype epidemiological analysis in most of the duck factory. Vaccine candidate strains were selected by ELD50 and LD50 tests in the 6 strains. Continuously passaged, the 5th passaged duck embryos bodies grinding fluid was selected as vaccine virus seeds. The virus seeds were treated with formaldehyde and water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsions, making into three batches of two bivalent inactivated vaccine laboratory products. The safety test, antibody neutralization test, challenged protection and cross immune protection experiment suggested that the vaccines possessed good safety, and neutralizing antibodies were detected at 7th day and the challenged protection rate reached 90% to 100% at the 14th and 21st day. Moreover, immune duration of ducklings lasted more than five weeks. However, cross-immunity protection experiments with DHAV-SH and DHAV-FS only had 20%-30%. The two bivalent inactivated vaccine laboratory products of duck viral hepatitis were effective and reliable, providing a new method as well as a new product for DHAV prevention and control.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; blood ; Ducks ; virology ; Hepatitis Virus, Duck ; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal ; prevention & control ; virology ; Neutralization Tests ; Picornaviridae Infections ; prevention & control ; veterinary ; Poultry Diseases ; prevention & control ; virology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines ; immunology

BACKGROUND: Intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities result in the right-to-left shunting and severe hypoxemia in liver transplantation candidates. Currently, a convenient, sensitive and effective method is absent to screen the intrapulmonary vascular dilatations.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced echocardiography on clinical diagnosis of intrapulmonary shunting in liver transplantation candidates.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The experiment, prospective controlled observation based on cases, was performed at the Hepatology Unit of the 458 Hospital of PLA (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China) from February 2004 to February 2006.PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four consecutive liver transplantation candidates were recruited from the Hepatology Unit of the 458Hospital of PLA.METHODS: Routine examination was conducted under the condition without any regimen of vascular dilatation drugs.Contrast-enhanced echocardiography was applied to detect the prevalence of right-to-left shunting in the patients with end-stage liver disease. The microvesicle of the left ventricle in patients was qualitatively assessed by a score from 1+ to 3+. Accordingly, all patients were divided into two groups: intrapulmonary shunting and non-intrapulmonary shunting.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of right-to-left shunting and clinical characteristics of liver transplantation candidates were determined.RESULTS: Ten (41.7%) of 24 patients with positive contrast-enhanced echocardiography were proved to develop the intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting, including 6 for l+ and 4 for 2+ by left ventricle abnormality, which emerged after 6-10 cardiac cycles of right ventricle abnormality. There were no significant differences in age, gender, arterial blood gas analysis and liver function tests between the two groups (P > 0.05). Echocardiography results demonstrated that, the upper digestive tract hemorrhage,spleen thickness that indicated portal hypertension, pulmonary artery systolic pressure and Tei index were significandy higher in the patients of intrapulmonary shunting than in those of non-intrapulmonary shunting (P<0.05-0.01 ).CONCLUSION: Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation occurs frequently in liver transplantation candidates associated with intrapulmonary shunting but without hypoxemia. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography is a sensitive and non-invasive method for the early diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation. The pathogenic cause is portal hypertension. Tel index can be used as an important parameter for evaluating right ventricular function in patients of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation.

Objective To observe change of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and its relation with in-jury severity and sepsis following severe muhiple injury. Methods A total of 60 patients were em-ployed in the study and divided into severe group (30 patients) and critical group (30 patients) based on ISS scores and into sepsis group (22 patients) and non-sepsis group (38 patients) based on complication of sepsis. The proportion of Tregs in peripheral blood in different groups was detected by flow cytometry at days 1,3,5 and 8 after injury. Results The proportion of Tregs was significantly increased at day 5 postinjury, with statistical difference compared with that at day 3 postinjury (P < 0.01). The proportion of Tregs remained increasing at day 8 pestinjury (P < 0.05). At day 8 postinjury, the proportion of Tregs in critical group was significantly higher than that in severe group (P < 0.01). At the same time, the proportion of Tregs in sepsis group was significantly higher than that in non-sepsis group (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of Tregs proportion with ISS score (rs =0.654, P < 0.01). Conclusions Tregs play an important role in suppression of T cell-mediated im-munity after severe injury. The variation of Tregs can help evaluate prognosis and predict the risk of com-plicating sepsis in patients with severe multiple injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs) on regulatory T ( Treg) cells in newborns.Methods Blood samples were taken from the umbilical cord of sev-en newborn babies.CD4+CD25+T cells were isolated and treated with or without 300 nmol/L of phenan-threne for 72 hours in the presence of 100 IU/ml of IL-2.The expression of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), sig-nal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 were analyzed by 8-color flow cytometry. RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of DNA ( cytosine-5 )-methyltransferase 1 ( DNMT1 ) , DNMT3a, DNMT3b and IL-4 at mRNA level.Pyrosequencing in combination with bisulphite sequencing was used to evaluate the methylation within the promoter and the Treg-specific demethylated region ( TSDR) of Foxp3 locus.Treg cells were cultured for 7 hours with autologous Tresp at Tresp/Treg ratios of 1 ∶1, 2 ∶1, 4 ∶1 and 8 ∶1 and stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads and IL-2 for the evaluation of the immunosuppres-sive activities of Treg cells.Results (1) PAHs inhibited the expression of Foxp3 and the function of Treg cells collected from newborns.(2) PAHs significantly decreased the expression of STAT5 and Foxp3, but increased the expression of STAT3 (P<0.05).(3)PAHs enhanced the methylation of the promoter and the TSDR within Foxp3 gene.(4) The transcription levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b in PAHs treated group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05).(5) More IL-4 was secreted by PAHs treated CD4+CD25+T cells, indicating that IL-4 was negatively correlated with STAT5, but positively correlated with STAT3.Conclusion PAHs decreased the number and inhibited the function of Treg cells in newborns.The possible mechanism might be related to the abnormal expression of STAT3 and STAT5 in-duced by IL-4 as well as the methylation within Foxp3 gene.

Objective To investigate the possible factors for differentiation affecting of neonatal regulatory T cells(Treg). Methods Umbilical cord blood was collected from 200 newborns. Treg number was detected by DNA demethylation in the Foxp3 of Treg - cell - specific demethylatedregion(TSDR)based on high resolution melting anal-ysis(HRMA),concentrations of 7,8 - dihydroxy - 9,10 - epoxy - benzo(a)pyrene(BPDE - DNA)adducts and interleukin - 4( IL - 4)in the supernatants of cord blood by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA),and follow - up questionnaires were carried out till 1. 0 - 1. 5 years,for recurrent wheezing or stubborn eczema in infants and related information on parental history of atopic diseases. Results (1)In wheezing group[(0. 48 ± 0. 05)% ]and ec-zema group[(0. 76 ± 0. 05)% ],the number of Tregs was significantly lower compared with that of the asymptomatic group[(1. 14 ± 0. 08)% ](t = 2. 62,2. 83,all P ﹤ 0. 05);the number of Treg in parental history of atopic group was significantly lower than that of the non - atopic group(P ﹤ 0. 05);but the Treg numbers in the non - atopic group was still lower than that of the asymptomatic group(P ﹤ 0. 05).(2)The concentrations of BPDE - DNA adducts in the wheezing group[(236. 30 ± 6. 59)ng/ L]and the eczema group[(173. 40 ± 7. 38)ng/ L]were higher than those of the asymptomatic group[(111. 01 ± 3. 36)ng/ L](t = 10. 35,6. 53,all P ﹤ 0. 05),while BPDE - DNA adduct concen-trations in the atopic group with parental history of wheezing or eczema in infants were lower than those of the non -atopic group(P ﹤ 0. 05).(3)The concentrations of IL - 4 in the wheezing or eczema group in the supernatants of cord blood was higher than the asymptomatic group(P ﹤ 0. 05). Conclusions Neonatal genetic factors and BPDE - DNA adducts could affect Treg differentiation,which are probably the reasons for the formation of allergic diseases.

Objective To study the relationship between rs290487,rs7903146 of transcription factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene and post-transplantation diabetes mellitus in Han Zhejiang population.Method We genotyped two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the TCF7L2 gene in 90 unrelated post-transplantation type 2 diabetes mellitus (PTDM) patients,112 unrelated non-PTDM patients,and a set of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus patients (n =68).Genotyping was performed using direct sequencing SNP Genotyping Assays.The association of SNPs with post-transplantation diabetes mellitus was analyzed.Result In this study,there was statistically significant difference in the T-allele of TCF7L2.rs7903146 between PTDM group (5.1％) and non-PTDM group (1.3％) (P＜0.05).For rs7903146,the frequencies of genotype C/C,C/T (70.0％) and T/T (35.8％) was statistically significant in PTDM group (P＜0.05).For rs290487,the frequencies of genotype C/C,C/T and T/T was 14.7％,38.2％ and 47.1％ respectively in PTDM group,P＞ 0.05.The incidence of PTDM was significantly higher in patients with the CT genotype (odds ratio 18.54 [95％ CI 1.21-282.26],P =0.03).Conclusion With the current sample size,we found that the CT genotype of rs7903146 was significantly associated with post-transplantation diabetes mellitus.

Objective To investigate the role of signal transduction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in inflammatory response of neonatal sepsis.Methods Twenty children with neonatal sepsis and 16 health neonates were studied.Real-time PCR were used to evaluate the levels of TLR1 ～ TLR10,myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2),myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88),interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α) were measured by ELISA.Results (1) Compared with control group,the mRNA levels of TLR2,TLR4 in neonatal sepsis group were up-regulated significantly (TLR2:55.16±12.78 vs 9.53 ± 3.73,P ＜ 0.01 ;TLR4:125.22 ±30.64 vs 23.17 ± 5.78,P ＜0.01),the differences were not significant as to other TLRs.(2) Transcription levels of MD-2 and MyD88 were significantly up-regulated in neonatal sepsis group (MD-2:376.83 ± 62.16 vs 12.92 ± 2.54,P ＜ 0.01 ; MyD88:11.97 ±2.48 vs 2.77 ±0.59,P ＜0.01).(3) Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α) in neonatal sepsis group were higher than those of control group [PCR:(IL-1β:21.72 ± 5.56 vs 5.69 ± 1.26,P ＜0.01 ;IL-6:71.39 ± 18.34 vs 9.65 ±2.13,P ＜0.01 ;IL-8:29.39 ±6.72 vs 8.72 ± 1.95,P＜0.01;TNF-α:65.42 ± 16.95 vs 12.33 ±3.45,P ＜0.01).ELISA:(IL-1β:2 977.36 ±653.97 vs 480.52 ± 120.36,P ＜ 0.01 ; IL-6:3 143.82 ± 775.08 vs 393.78 ± 96.55,P ＜ 0.01 ; IL-8:2 510.78 ± 686.77 vs 276.91 ±72.46,P ＜0.01 ;TNF-α:3 582.24 ± 876.13 vs 1 233.68 ± 289.39,P ＜ 0.01)].Conclusion Abnormal activation of TLRs and higher expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in neonatal sepsis,suggesting that aberrant activation of TLRs may be one of the initiating factors of immune aberrance in neonatal sepsis.

Objective:To investigate the changes of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) in children with acute Kawasaki disease (KD) and its roles in the immunological pathogenesis of KD.Methods:A total of 38 children with acute KD were enrolled in the present study and 32 age-matched healthy children were selected as control group. The proportions of HLA-DR -CD11b + CD33 + CD15 -CD14 + M-MDSC and CD4 + CD25 + CD127 - regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood, concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1), CD39, CD73, CD40, CD40L and CCR5 at protein levels were detected by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the transcription levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in M-MDSC and the transcription levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) in Treg. Concentrations of NO, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, IL-10 and TGF-β in the supernatants of cell culture were measured by ELISA. Results:(1) The proportion of HLA-DR -CD11b + CD33 + CD15 -CD14 + M-MDSC, the concentration of intracellular ROS and the expression of iNOS, CD39 and CD73 in M-MDSC decreased significantly in patients with acute KD as compared with those in the control group ( P<0.05), and the concentrations of NO, IL-10 and TGF-β in culture supernatant of M-MDSC were lower than those in the control group upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 48 h ( P<0.05). All of the aforementioned indexes restored to some extent after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy ( P<0.05). No statistical differences were found in Arg-1 expression between healthy controls and patients with KD before or after IVIG therapy ( P<0.05). (2) CD40 expression on M-MDSC was significantly lower in the acute KD group than in the control group ( P<0.05). The concentrations of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 in the culture supernatants of M-MDSC were lower in the acute KD group than in the control group after LPS stimulation ( P<0.05). With IVIG treatment, all of the indexes were up-regulated significantly ( P<0.05), although CD40 expression was still lower in the acute KD group than in the control group ( P<0.05). (3) The proportion of CD4 + CD25 + CD127 -Treg and the expression of CTLA4, LAG3, CD40L and CCR5 reduced significantly in patients with acute KD as compared those in healthy controls ( P<0.05), and all increased remarkably after IVIG therapy ( P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the proportions of M-MDSC and Treg in patients with acute KD ( r=0.58, P<0.05). Conclusions:Insufficiency and impaired function of M-MDSC might be a major cause of immune dysfunction in patients with acute KD.