Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a general term for heterogeneous disorders affecting kidney structure and function.It can be detected by routine laboratory tests.Acute kidney injury ( AKI),previously referred to as acute renal failure(ARF), represents a persistent problem in clinical medicine.Despite significant improvements in therapeutics,the mortality and morbidity associated with AKI remain high.A major reason for this is the lack of markers for early diagnosis of AKI.In this paper,we discuss recommendations for AKI and CKD laboratory assessment and management,and future challenges.( Chin J Lab Med,2012,35:773-779)

The role of nuclear factor kappaB in intestine injury induced by hepatic ischemia reperfusion was investigated. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: sham operation group (group A), hepatic ischemia reperfusion group (group B) and hepatic ischemia reperfusion plus pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group (group C). The rats in group A were only subjected to laparotomy, those in group B underwent partial hepatic ischemia reperfusion (ischemia for 1 h and reperfusion for 2 h) and those in group C underwent the same procedure as that of group B but received PDTC 200 mg/kg i.v. before and after ischemia. After reperfusion, tissues of jejunum and venous blood were obtained for measurement of TNF-alpha, MDA and MPO. The levels of TNF-alpha in jejunum and venous blood, the levels of MPO in jejunum in group B were significantly higher than those in group A and group C (P<0.05). There was no significant different in the levels of MDA between group B and group C. The severity of histological intestinal injury in group B and group C was similar. Hepatic ischemia reperfusion caused intestine injury, NF-kappaB may play an important role in this course and the targeting of upstream components of the inflammatory response, such as NF-kappaB, may have important therapeutic applications.
Intestines/*pathology ; Liver/*blood supply ; Liver/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/*biosynthesis ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Wistar ; Reperfusion Injury/*metabolism

The effects of the cyclin E expression levels on chemotherapeutic sensitivity of breast cancer cell line were explored. After the cyclin E expression was knockdown in MDA-MB-435 by RNA interference, FACS analysis and SA-beta-gal staining were used to evaluate the response sensitivity of breast cancer cells to DNA damage drugs (adriamycin, etc.). Adriamycin could induce G1 arrest in cyclin E knockdown MDA-MB-435 breast cell line and increase the percentage of cell senescence in cyclin E knockdown MDA-MB-435 cells. It was suggested that cyclin E knockdown could increase the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of breast cancer cells to DNA damage drugs.

Objective To evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of heparin on dextron sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Methods The normal mice (n=16) which had been received DSS orally for 7 days were randomized into two groups, the preventive group with heparin subcutaneous administration, and the control group with normal saline subcutaneous administration. The DSS-induced colitis mice (n=16) were randomized into two groups, the treatment group with heparin and the control group with normal saline subcutaneous injection for 7 days. The preventive and therapeutic effects of heparin were assessed by disease activity index (DAI), histological score, TNF-? mRNA expression using hybridization in situ, and Martius scarlet blue (MSB) fibrin staining used to identify microvascular thrombi. Results Microvascular thrombi in the prevention group significantly decreased compared with those in the controls. Microvascular thrombi were positive in 4 of 8 controls, none in the prevention group (P=0.038). Histological score and TNF-? mRNA in the treatment group significantly decreased compared with those in the controls. Histological score of rectum and transverse colon, and expression of TNF-? mRNA in the treatment group and those in the controls were 1.33 and 1.85(P

ObjectiveTo evaluate the changes of hepatic blood perfusion in cirrhotic patients undergoing pericardial devascularization (PCDV).MethodsHepatic artery and portal vein perfusion of 22 pre- and post- PCDV cirrhotic patients were evaluated with rheohepatogram(RHG) and ultrasonography (USG).ResultsCompared with normal control, the hepatic artery, portal vein effective perfusion and total hepatic perfusion decreased on RHG 〔(0.053?0.011) vs. (0.031?0.009),(0.033?0.011) vs. (0.018?0.008),〔(7.7?3.0) vs. (3.5?1.7), all P

Objective To screen for the differentially expressed genes in breast cancer cell line MCF 7 and tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cell line LCC2 by using cDNA microarray Methods The PCR products of 8000 genes were spotted on chemical material coated glass plates in array The DNAs were then fixed on the glass plate by a serial of treatments The total RNAs were isolated from cells cultured in the flash, and then were purified to mRNA by Oligotex Both the mRNAs from different breast cancer cell lines were reversely transcribed to cDNAs with the incorporations of fluorescent dUTP, for preparing the hybridization probes The mixed probes were then hybridized to the cDNA microarray After high stringent washing, the cDNA, microarray was scanned for the fluorescent signals and showed the differences between the cell lines Results Among the 8?000 target genes, there were 1?892 (23 65%) genes expressing differently between MCF 7 and LCC2 cell lines Bioinformational analysis on those genes was performed Conclusion DNA microarray technology is an effective technique in screening for differentially expressed genes between different tissues and cell lines

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the high medical expenses of hospitalized medical insurance patients for the first ten systemic diseases.Methods: We investigated the medical expenses for the first ten systemic diseases among 10 900 hospitalized medical insurance patients of a hospital,calculated the average expenses and total payment for the treatment of each of the systemic diseases that involved 5% of the total patients,computed their percentage in the total expenses,and compared them with those of all the other hospitalized cases.Results: The medical cost of the 5% of the first 10 hospitalized systemic diseases accounted for 21%-29.9% of the total expenses of all the hospitalized patients,4.3-6.0 times that of the average expenses,and 30.8%-54.9% paid by the patients themselves.In addition,the hospital stay of these patients was 1.5-4.7 times that of the average.Conclusion: The high medical expenses involving 5% of the hospitalized patients with the first 10 systemic diseases amounted to a quarter of those paid by all the hospitalized patients.Effective measures have to be taken to keep high hospitalization expenses at a reasonable level.

Objective To explore the application and efficacy of laparoscopic radical operation for rectal cancer after preoperative short-time radiotherapy.Methods The clinical data of 108 patients with Dukes B and C rectal cancer were analyzed retrospectively.Thirty-five patients underwent laparoscopic radical operation after preoperative short-time radiotherapy,meanwhile 30 patients underwent laparoscopic radical operation,and 43 patients underwent open operation,both later groups without preoperative radiotherapy.Results There were not significant differences in preoperative general condition,tumor size and stage,pathological type,site of operation,and mode of operation between the 3 groups.But there was a higher rate of radical resection and sphincter preservation in the laparoscopic operation plus radiotherapy group than in the other groups(P

Objective To study the inhibit effect of survivin short hairpin RNA on the survivin mRNA and protein expression of gallbladder carcinoma cells.Methods Human gallbladder carcinoma cells(GBC-SD) were transfected with recombinant plasmid.RT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the changes in(expression) levels of survivinmRNA and protein.Results The size of the PCR product was 350bp.DNA(sequencing) showed that the sequence of recombinant vector pshRNA-survivin was successfully constructed and suppressed the expression of(GBC-SD) survivinmRNA.Conclusions The recombinant plasmid constructed can inhibit the expression of survivinmRNA in transfected cells.This provides a new method and material for the biological therapy of cancer.

Objective To assess the effectiveness of the Chinese herbal formula Tongxie Yaofang(TY) or its modified prescriptions in the management of irritable bowl syndrome(IBS).Methods A systematic review was carried out according to the Cochrane standards.A computerized literature search was carried out in main Chinese and English databases including CNKI,CBMdisc,Database of Chinese Doctorate Dissertation,Database of excellent Chinese Master Dissertation,MEDLINE and Cochrane Library.Studies were retrieved when they were randomized controlled trials(RCTs) whose interventions for IBS patients were TY or modified prescriptions of TY with placebos or conventional medicine as controls.Outcome measurement included the alleviation of main symptoms such as abdominal pain,diarrhea frequency,and(or) comprehensive effectiveness and quality of life(QOL).Meta-analysis was performed after evaluating the quality of included studies.Subgroup analysis was done between subgroups of diarrhea-predominant IBS and subtype-regardless IBS,and was also done between diarrhea-predominant IBS treated with TCM syndrome differentiation and that without TCM syndrome differentiation.Funnel plot analysis was used to analyze the publication bias.Results Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria,and 4155 participants were included in the meta-analysis.The results showed that the effectiveness of TY or modified prescriptions of TY was better than that of conventional medicine or placebos[OR= 5.30,95%CI(4.38,6.41)].Subgroup analysis showed that the OR of TY or modified prescriptions of TY in the diarrhea-predominant groups[OR=5.61,95%CI(4.33,7.25)]was higher than that of subtype-regardless groups[OR=4.95,95%CI(3.74,6.55)],and OR of TY or modified prescriptions of TY in the studies of diarrhea-predominant IBS treated based on TCM syndrome differentiation [OR=6.50,95%CI(3.78,11.20)] was higher than that of the studies without TCM syndrome differentiation[OR=5.37,95%CI(4.01,7.19)],but the difference was insignificant.Funnel plot showed certain publication bias.Conclusion The effectiveness of TY or modified prescriptions of TY for IBS patients is better than that of western medicine and placebo.But their effectiveness for diarrhea-predominant IBS or with TCM syndrome differentiation was not proved to be better than those for other subtypes or without TCM syndrome differentiation.Biases may exist for overall quality of the studies is low;negative results in some high quality studies need further discussion.