The history and present status of phytoplasma classification are introduced briefly in this paper.The newly classification methods and rules for the description of Candidatus species are reviewed.The key problems and direction on the classification and identification of phytoplasmas in China are discussed.

Objective To sum up the application and the technique of CT-guided percutaneous puncture biopsy of thoracoabdominal masses.Methods 107 cases of thoracoabdominal masses were made percutaneous puncture biopsy,in which chest disease 81 cases,abdominal disease 26 cases.Biopsy was done using 18～20 G Franseen needle and 18 G coaxial automatic cutting needle.Routinely chose vertical plane angle,horizontal plane angle and vertical plane angle on one side of the body outline when needle was been entered.Results The successful rate by first puncture was 100%,and the total verification rate was 92.52%.The rate of thoracic complication was 11.11%.No obvious abdominal complication was found.Conclusion The technique of CT-guided percutaneous puncture biopsy of thoracoabdominal masses is simple,practical,high accuracy and only few complications.It should be emphasized that the needle angle should be having definite reference and the needles should be chosen accurately.

Five general practitioners were trained for application of the enhancing CalgaryCambridge guide in consultation.The consultation time in 50 patients were recorded before and after training and the satisfaction degree of patients was investigated by questionnaire survey.Results showed that the length of consultation time after training was longer than that before training (490 s vs 277 s,P ＜ 0.05) and also longer than that of specialists (490 s vs 268 s,P ＜0.05).The overall satisfaction rate of patients was increased after training (72％ vs 88％,P ＜0.05).The results indicate that training of Calgary-Cambridge guide for doctor-patient communication can improve the communication skills of general practitioners.

Objective To explore the technique of breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Methods 30 cases of patients with breast cancer who were not suitable for breast conservative surgery were sum-marized. Among them, immediate breast reconstruction with prosthetic implants after mastectomy was used in 16 patients, transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM flap) in 10 patients, and latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap in 4 patients. There were 27 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction, while 3 patients underwent delayed breast construction. Results The appearance was good in 16 cases of breast reconstruction with prosthetic implants and no complications were found. Two out of the ten patients who had the transevarse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM flap) breast reconstruction had partly necrosis of skin flap, and one lateral ventral syndrome. The appear-ance of the 7 cases after the TRAM flap breast reconstruction evaluated well, 2 cases moderate, and one case less satisfactory. The appearance of 4 patients who had breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap evaluated well. Conclusion Breast reconstruction is an important part of combined therapy for the breast cancer, especially for the patients who have strong desire to conserve breast, while incompetence for breast conserving surgery. In such a case breast reconstruction is a good choice. Imme-diate breast reconstruction is better than delayed breast construction. The appropriate method of breast reconstruction depends on each individual patient. Patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma can se-lectively choose immediate breast reconstruction.

OBJECTIVETo observe the regulatory effects of electroacupuncture with different acupoints combinations on blood lipid and atherosclerosis index (AI) in rats with hyperlipemia, so as to make a preliminary screening for the optimal acupoints combination for hyperlipemia.

METHODSOne hundred and five clean-grade SD male rats were randomly divided into 9 groups, including a normal group, a model group, a Quchi group, a Zhongwan group, a Fenglong group, a Quchi+Zhongwan group, a Quchi+Fenglong group, a Zhongwan+Fenglong group and a Quchi+Zhongwan+Fenglong group (three acupoints group), 17 rats in the normal group and 11 rats in the rest groups. The normal group was fed with normal diet, while the rest groups were fed with high-fat diet for 3 weeks to prepare the hyperlipemia model. All the rats were given unlimited water. After the establishment of model, the normal group was fed freely without any treatment; the model group was bundled and immobilized everyday; the rest groups were bundled, immobilized and treated with electroacupuncture at corresponding acupoints with disperse-dense wave, 20 min per time, once a day. After 4 weeks, the blood examples were collected from abdominal aorta to measure the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and analyzed the AI in each group.

RESULTSAfter the treatment, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and AI in each acupuncture group were all lower than those in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with single acupoint group and the Quchi+Zhongwan group, the content of TC in the three acupoints group was lower (P<0.01). The differences of content of TG among each acupuncture group were not significant (all P>0.05). Compared with the rest 6 acupuncture groups, the content of HDL-C and AI in the three acupoints group were significantly different (all P<0.05). The content of LDL-C in the three acupoints group was decreased as compared with the Quchi group and the Zhong-wan group.

CONCLUSIONThe electroacupuncture at "Quchi" (LI 11), "Zhongwan" (CV 12) and "Fenglong" (ST 40) has more advantages on regulating the content of HDL-C and LDL-C as well as improving AI in hyperlipemia rats, and it has superior effects on blood lipid metabolism.

Acupuncture Points ; Animals ; Electroacupuncture ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; therapy ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Chinese medicinal authentication is fundamental for the standardization and globalization of Chinese medicine. The discipline of authentication addresses difficult issues that have remained unresolved for thousands of years, and is essential for preserving safety. Chinese medicinal authentication has both scientific and traditional cultural connotations; the use of scientific methods to elucidate traditional experience-based differentiation carries the legacy of Chinese medicine forward, and offers immediate practical significance and long-term scientific value. In this paper, a path of inheritance and innovation is explored through the scientific exposition of Chinese medicinal authentication, featuring a review of specialized publications, the establishment of a Chinese medicine specimen center and Chinese medicinal image databases, the expansion of authentication technologies, and the formation of a cultural project dedicated to the Compedium of Materia Medica.
Drug Contamination ; prevention & control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Humans ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Reference Standards

Objective To evaluate the gender differences in dose-response curve with cisatra-curium in epileptics.Methods Eighty ASA grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ epileptics were enrolled in this study.All patients were divided into male and the female groups and received the method of single dose injection under midazolam-fentanyl intravenous anesthesia.Each patient received intravenous bolus of 20,30, 40,50μg/kg of cisatracurium respectively.The neuromuscular block was measured by Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor and the responses were defined in terms of the percentages of maximum sup-pression in T1 of TOF of the adductor pollicis muscle.According to log-probit transformation of the data of dose and response,the dose-response curve of cisatracurium was established through linear re-gression.The onset time of cisatracurium was also observed.Results The ED50 ,ED75 ,ED90 ,ED95 values of cisatracurium in male epilepsy patients were 37.2±9.7,48.1±11.3,60.4±12.8,69.3± 14.0 μg/kg and that of female epilepsy patients were 36.6±4.3,47.5±7.7,60.5±14.0,70.1± 19.4 μg/kg.There was no significant difference between the two gender groups.No significant change in onset time was observed among 4 dose groups.Conclusion No gender differences are ob-served in dose-response curve of cisatracurium in epileptics.

Objective To evaluate the effect of the intermittent deferomamine(DF) therapy on relieving iron overload caused by transfusion in children with ? thalassemia.Methods Sixteen children who were finally diagnosed as ? thalassemia major were treated with deferomamine for 124 times totally to low the iron overload. The serum iron(SI), serum ferritin(SF) and urine ferritin were detected each time with radio-immunity technique and difference was compared before and after treatment. Meanwhile, weather DF involved children′s liver and renal function was observed in whole procedure.Results Iron overload exists in 16 cases of ? thalassemia major children by a long- term hypertransfusion therapy, with average level SI 33.69?6.72 mmol/L,SF 441.19? 54.70 ?g/L,urine ferritin 8.64?6.79 ?g/L. The difference was significant (paired-samples t test,t =6.173 P 0.05).Conclusion The study suggest that intermittent low-dose DF therapy is effective for iron overload caused by transfusion in ? thalassemia children, without apparent side effects.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Bushen Yizhi Recipe (BSYZR) on neurotransmitter release in A beta segment neurotoxin induced NG108-15 cellular model of Alzheimer disease (AD).

METHODSThe levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, synapsin and functional synapse formation rate in the cellular model treated with BSYZR containing serum were determined by Western blot analysis, immunoradiometric assay and electrophysiologic technique.

RESULTSBSYZR containing serum treatment could cause increase of ChAT activity and synapsin level in model cells, as compared with those in normal control model cells treated with non-drug containing serum, it also could regulate the release capacity of transmitter and raise the functional synapse formation.

CONCLUSIONBSYZR could reduce the reaction of cell to A beta neurotoxin, indicating that it could be antagonistic to the pathological development of AD by means of raising the neurotransmitter release capacity.

Alzheimer Disease ; metabolism ; pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Neurotoxins ; pharmacology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Synapsins ; metabolism

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of the ramified musculocutaneous flap pedicled with the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery treatment of bones and arthrsis of extremity in- fections with soft tissue defects.Methods The muscle flap blooded with the muscular branch of lateral fem- oral muscle and musculocutaneous flap blooded with the musculocutaneous branch were designed,all of which were pedicled with the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral arteryIn clinic24 cases of bones and arthrosis of extremity infections with soft tissue defects were treated with this kind of ramified musculocutaneous flap.Results Of the 24 cases23 cases were survived while 1 case was lost16 cases were healed at stageⅠ8 cases were healed at stageⅡSinus has formated in 3 casesone of which twicebut they were healed in one year with the treatment of debridmentsFour cases with osteomvelitis and bone defect were treated with bone grafting in the later 6～8 months after the wound has healedTwenty-two cases were followed-up for 6～20 monthsinfcetiou didn't recur.Conclusion This kind of ramified musculocutaneous flap has such ad- vantages as longer blood vessel pediclefilling the defects completely flexible application and stronger anti-in- fectionthat it may be an effective way in treating bones and arthrosises of extremity infections with soft tissue defects.