Probability of causation (PC) was used to facilitate the adjudication of compensation claims for cancers diagnosed following exposure to ionizing radiation. In this article, the excess cancer risk assessment models used for PC calculation are reviewed. Cancer risk transfer models between different populations, dependence of cancer risk on dose and dose rate, modification by epidemiological risk factors and application of PC are also discussed in brief.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Recovery of Function ; Tibia ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo analyze the causes of delayed union or nonunion of the ulna after intramedullary nailing in pediatric forearm fractures.

METHODSFrom February 2005 to February 2010,5 patients with forearm fractures who were treated with titanium elastic nailing (TEN) were identified to fulfill the criteria of having developed a delayed union or nonunion of the ulna. The causes of delayed union or nonunion were investigated according to mechanism of injury, fracture location, treatments methods and postoperative management. All patients were male and the age was 3 to 14 years old with an average of 9.4 years. All fractures were located on the mid-third part of forearm. Two cases had a re-fracture. Among them, 3 cases caused by high-energy injury and 2 cases by falling down. Open reduction were performed in 4 cases while the other one was treated with closed reduction. Four patients were immobilized in an above-elbow cast, postoperatively.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 7 to 19 months with an average of 11.4 months. There were 4 delayed union and 1 nonunion. Three patients healed after the removal of the nail and avoidance of weight-bearing. Two patients healed by replacing another fixation. No patients had soft-tissue irritation or nail-entry-site infections.. The clinical effect was evaluated according to Daruwalla and Price scores with 3 excellent and 2 good of the results.

CONCLUSIONSUsing titanium elastic nailing for the treatment of pediatric both-bone forearm fractures is a good method. However,strict indication selection should be followed to avoid delayed union or nonunion.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; methods ; Fracture Healing ; Humans ; Male ; Radius Fractures ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Ulna Fractures ; physiopathology ; surgery

Objective To investigate the clinical results of minimal invasion spinal surgery (MISS) in treating tibial plateau fractures to provide best procedure for such treatment.Methods The study involved 36 cases with tibial plateau fractures resulted from traffic injury,fall-from-height injury and strain injury including 24 males and 12 females at age of 19-65 years (average 42.6 years).According to Schatzker classification,there were seven cases of typeⅠ,five typeⅡ,five typeⅢ,five type IV,sev- en typeⅤand seven typeⅥ.All cases were treated by different methods of MISS.Results Follow up for 8-24 months in 35 cases showed fracture healing within 3-4 months,without severe complications such as poor wound healing,infection or osteofascial compartment syndrome.Meanwhile,no traumatic knee osteoarthritis,inversion or eversion of the knee were found.The mean range of knee motion was 94?,with fine knee function in 32 cases (91.4%) according to Merchant score.Conclusions Treatment of tibi- al plateau fractures should adopt limit incision,indirect reduction and biofixation to take place widespread exposure and rigid plate fixation.MISS is safe and effective for tibial plateau fractures.

A liquid chromatography_tandem mass spectrometric method was established for the determination of 25 kinds of veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil and water by ultrasonic_solid phase extraction. Purification efficiency of SAX cartridges for soil and manure samples extract and the procedure that manure samples defatted with hexane was also verified. The results showed that the average recoveries of the 25 target antibiotics were 50. 0%-121. 9%, the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 1. 1%-14. 71% (n=9), and the limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0. 0002-0. 0560 μg/kg for soil and manure and ranged from 0. 002-0. 28 ng/L for water; After adding SAX cartridges, the matrix effects of manure samples reduced to 55%-120%, and soil samples to 75%-160%; after defatting by hexane extraction, the matrix effects of manure sample reduced to 55%-120%. This method has been employed to detect the veterinary antibiotics in environmental samples of livestock farm.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of oral Fructus bruceae oil combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer.

METHODSA total of 80 patients with esophageal cancer were equally and randomly divided into two groups. The patients in Group A were treated with radiotherapy (60-65 Gy, 6-7 weeks) and oral Fructus bruceae oil (20 mL, 3 times per day for 12 weeks), while the patients in Group B were treated with radiotherapy alone. The short-term effect was evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and quality of life (QOL) was evaluated by the Karnofsky scoring (KFS). The outcome measures included complete remission (CR) rate, partial remission (PR) rate, effective rate as CR+PR, patients' QOL and adverse effects.

RESULTSAfter 12-week treatment, the CR and CR+PR were significantly higher in Group A than those in Group B (P <0.05). There was an improvement in esophageal obstruction of 87.5% and 60.0%, respectively, and in KFS of 84.6% and 43.9%, respectively, in Groups A and B.

CONCLUSIONOral medication with oral Fructus bruceae oil could effectively improve the efficacy of radiotherapy in esophageal cancer, including a reduction in esophageal obstruction, and also reduce the side effects of radiotherapy; thus it would be very promising for clinical application.

Administration, Oral ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; radiotherapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Quassia ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome

The eye is a highly protected organ , which makes it a formida-ble task to develop an effective drug delivery approach for ocular disea-ses.Transport of drugs applied by traditional dosage forms such as topical and intravitreal routes of administration is severely restricted to the eye , especially to the posterior segment areas.During the past decades , great progress has been made in ocular drug delivery systems facilitated by new technologies such as microemulsion , nanosuspension , nanoparticle , lipo-some, niosome, dendrimer, contact lens, intraocular implants, ionto-phoresis and microneedle , et al.In this review , recent developments of ocular drug delivery systems are summarized.

Recent studies indicated that interleukin (IL)-17, growth-related oncogene (GRO)-α and IL-8 play an important role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. However, the effects of the increased amount of IL-17 and the production of GRO-α and IL-8 in human nasal polyp fibroblasts are not completely understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of the increased IL-17 on the changes of GRO-α and IL-8 expression in human nasal polyp fibroblasts and further investigate the mechanism of neutrophil infiltration in nasal polyps. Nasal polyp fibroblasts were isolated from six cases of human nasal polyps, and the cells were stimulated with five different concentrations of IL-17. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of GRO-α and IL-8. The mRNA of GRO-α and IL-8 was expressed in unstimulated controls and remarkably increased by stimulation with IL-17. Moreover, the levels of GRO-α and IL-8 produced by fibroblasts were increased gradually with the increases in IL-17 concentrations. The present study showed that nasal fibroblasts can produce GRO-α and IL-8, and their production is remarkably enhanced by IL-17 stimulation, thereby clarifying the mechanism of the IL-17 mediated neutrophil infiltration in nasal polyps. These findings might provide a rationale for using IL-17 inhibitors as a treatment for nasal inflammatory diseases such as nasal polyps.

OBJECTIVETo introduce the operation indication, operation fashion, operation time, mainipulation point, and treatment effect of pelvic ring disruptions with percutaneous fixation.

METHODSFifty-eight patients with pelvic ring disruptions were treated with sacroiliac screws, pubic ramus screws or pubic tubercle screws and iliac wing screws, and the effects was evaluated.

RESULTSAmong the 58 patients, the result of reductions in 52 cases was satisfied, 6 cases was dissatisfied; fracture point in 57 cases was healed up, 1 case disconnect; vessel and nerve was not injured in 56 cases, S(1) nerve root was injured in 2 case, bequeathing anaesthesia of lower limbs and saddle area.

CONCLUSIONSThe technique with percutaneous fixations is minitraumatic and reliable to fix the pelvic ring disruptions with little bleeding. These percutaneous techniques have a good outlook. Bone tractions with big weight before operation make for reductions in operation.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Screws ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pelvic Bones ; injuries ; surgery ; Pubic Bone ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Sacroiliac Joint ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; genetics