The physical change of astigmatism in human eye is analyzed in this article.Different methods for astigmatism applied in clinic are expound and compared with advantages and disadvantages.It is important that analyzing carefully and designing customized normgram for astigmatism eye to approach the perfect visual function after reasonable treatment.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process in embryonic development and tumori-genesis. In this process, epithelial tumor cells can obtain mesenchymal phenotypes and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. EMT is controlled by multiple transcription factors, signal pathways, and microRNAs. EMT and cancer stem cells are closely related. EMT also promotes the self-renewal ability of tumor cells and the overexpression of EMT-related markers in tumor cells with stemness. Some mi-croRNAs can control EMT process and stemness. In this study, recent developments on EMT and cancer stem cells in tumor metastasis were summarized to provide new insights into target therapy of tumor metastasis and recurrence.

The corneal refractive surgery is invented and improved constantly from 1970's till now,and the excimer laser corneal refractive surgery is the important method for correcting myopia.The corneal safety of post-operation long time is the key point and always is worried by surgeon due to the surgical procedure directly on the normal corneal tissue by different types of flap and ablation. From the corneal safety of view,the advantages and disadvantages of different corneal refractive surgeries were compared and the indications for different methods were mentioned in order to provide rational clinical data.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on liver function,plasma cytokine levels,and oxidative stress due to ischemia/reperfusion injury in patients undergoing hepatolobectomy.Methods A total of 106 patients who underwent hepatolobectomy in General Hospital of Jizhong Energy Fengfeng Group Co.,Ltd.from January 2014 to January 2016 were enrolled and randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 53 patients in each group.The patients in the observation group were given 1 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine within 10 minutes,followed by continuous intravenous infusion of 0.5 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine,and those in the control group were given an equal volume of 0.9％ sodium chloride.The two groups were compared in terms of liver function parameters,plasma cytokine levels,and oxidative stress due to ischemia/reperfusion injury after anesthesia (T1),before abdominal closure (T2),and at 1,4,and 8 hours after surgery (T3,T4,and T5,respectively).The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups;the t-test was used for comparison of indices between groups,the sphericity test was used for comparison of indices at different time points,and an analysis of variance was performed for repeated measurement data with P ＜ 0.05.Results The two groups had significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels at T2,T3,T4,and T5 than at T1 (ALT:F =43.72 and 44.16,both P ＜ 0.001;AST:F =53.87 and 65.44,both P ＜ 0.001),and the observation group had significantly lower levels than the control group atT2,T3,T4,andT5 (ALT:t =20.54,22.01,36.68,and 38.15,all P＜0.001;AST:t =32.27,41.08,52.82,and71.89,all P ＜ 0.001).The two groups had significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) at T3,T4,and T5 than at T1 (TNFα:F =54.37 and 24.75,both P ＜ 0.001;IL-8:F =47.24 and 27.39,both P ＜ 0.001),and the observationgroup had significantly lower levels than the control group at T3,T4,and T5 (TNFα:t =59.39,86.32,and 83.16,all P ＜ 0.001;IL-8:t =74.47,72.29,and 76.67,all P ＜ 0.001).The two groups had a significantly higher level of malondialdehyde at T3,T4,and T5 than at T1 (F =37.65 and 17.44,both P ＜0.001),and the observation group had a significantly lower level than the control group at T3,T4,and T5 (t =17.35,19.11,and 24.12,all P ＜ 0.001).The two groups had a significantly lower level of superoxide dismutase at T3,T4,and T5 than at T1 (F =36.54 and 33.65,both P ＜0.001),and the observation group had a significantly higher level than the control group at T3,T4,and T5 (t =68.64,66.35,and 59.48,all P ＜0.001).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can effectively inhibit liver injury,reduce the levels of cytokines,and alleviate ischemia/reperfusion injury in patients undergoing hepatectomy.

Objective To examine the levels of serum adipaneetin in patients with incipient chronic kidney disease (CKD, GFR≥ 60ml/min, and identify the relationship between serum adiponectin and albumin (ALB), urinary protein excretion amount, blood lipid and renal function. Methods Forty-two CKD patients and twenty normal healthy persons were involved in this study. These patients were divid- ed into two groups: nephrotic syndrome and non-nephrotic syndrome. The level of serum adiponectin, serum ALB, urinary protein excretion amount, blood lipid, renal function were measured and compared. Results The level of serum adiponectin in nephritic syndrome patients [(21.9±11.3) mg/L] and non-nephrotic syndrome patients [ ( 11.0±7.0) mg/L] was significantly higher than that in normal healthy per- sons[ (5.6±3.3) mg/L] ( P<0.01 ), and the level of serum adiponectin in nephritic syndrome patients was higher than that in non-ne- phrotic syndrome patients( P <0.01 ). Correlative analyses revealed a negatively correlation between serum adiponectin and serum total pro- tein(TP, ALB, BMI( r=-0.5680, r = -0.6241, r = -0.4083,respectively), and a positive correlation between serum adiponectin and urinary protein excretion amount ( r =0.4083). Stepwise regression analyses showed that serum adiponoctin was highly influenced by BMI, ALB and urinary protein excretion amount. Conclusion Serum adipanectin was markedly increased in incipient CKD, especially in patients with macroalbuminura. The effect of high level adiponectin in CKD was still not clear.

The frequency of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene (CCTTT) 14 allele was significantly lower in diabetic nephropathy group (0.044) than that in diabetics without nephropathy (0.170, P

Objective To study the function and mechanism of GIT1(G protein coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 1)in osteoblast migration.Methods GIT1 and ERK1/2(Extracellular Signal-regulated ki- nase 1/2)were detected in mice primary osteoblasts.The localizations of GIT1 and ERK1/2 were determined by immunofluorescence stain with or without PDGF(platelet-derived grnwth factor)stimulation.The association of GIT1 anti ERK1/2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation and western blot.After stimulation,the co-localization of GIT1 and pERK1/2 in osteoblasts was detected by double-immunnfluorescence stain.The pERK1/2 localization was detected by immunofluorescence stain after GIT1RNAh adenovirus infection of osteoblasts.The role of this associa- tion was determined by wound healing assay.Results The co-immunoprecipitation results showed that GIT1 in- teracted with ERK1/2 in osteoblasts induced by PDGF and this association occurred in focal adhesions.GIT1 RNAh adenovirus significantly inhibited the pERK1/2 translocation to focal adhesions and osteoblast migration induced by PDGF.Conclusion GIT1 associates with ERK1/2 in osteoblasts,which is required for pERK1/2 translocation to focal adhesions and osteoblast migration.

Aim To explore the inhibitory effects of ophiopogonin-B (OP-B ) on cell adhesion,invasion and migration in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells in vitro and its possible mechanism.Meth-ods Cell adhesion assay and transwell chamber assay were used to detect the ability of cell adhesion,migra-tion and invasion.qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of MMP-2 and 9 .Meanwhile ,Western blot assay was performed to determine the protein levels of MMP-2/9 and p-Akt.Results OP-B significantly inhibited the ability of cell adhesion,invasion and mi-gration in A549 cells at the concentration of 10 μmol· L-1 (P<0.01 ).Meanwhile,it inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt (P <0.0 1 ). Conclusion OP-B inhibits cell adhesion,invasion and migration in A549 cells through down-regulation of the mRNA and protein expression of MMP-2/9 ,and the inhibitory effect on the expression of p-Akt.

Objective To investigate the effect of expression level and methylation level of miR-200b on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 in vitro. Methods Normal human gastric epithelium cell line GES-1, and gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 cells were cultured and harvested to extract total RNA. Then miR-200b ex?pression level was examined via q-PCR;Methylation in promoter of miR-200b was revealed by Bisulphite PCR. MGC-803 cells were treated with different concentrations of 5′-Aza-CdR to test its effect on miR-200b expression and methylation of its promotor. The effect of its treatment at 10μmol/L for 72 h on invasion,proliferation and apoptosis of both cell lines were detected by Transwell assay, Flow cytometry and apoptosis assay respectively. The gene related to EMT (epithelial-mesen?chymal transition ) such as E-cadherin,N-cadherin,ZEB1,Slug were checked by Western blot. Results The expression of miR-200b in GES-1 is higher than that in MGC-803(P=0.022). The methylation level in promoter region of miR-200b in GES-1 is lower than that in MGC-803(P=0.034). After treated with 5′-Aza-CdR, the expression of miR-200b in MGC-803 cell was up-regulated in a timely dependent manner. On the contrary, the methylation in promoter of mirR-200b were down-regulated when 5′-Aza-CdR were added at 10μmol/L(P=0.043). What’s more, 5′-Aza-CdR administration increas?es cell apoptosis especially in aged cells and delays cell cycle at G0/G1 which in turn decrease ratio of cells in S phages. 5′-Aza-CdR treatment also decreased invasiveness and induced expression of E-cadherin, as well as down regulated the ex?pressions of N-cadhrin, ZEB1, Slug and MMP9 in MGC-803 cells. Conclusion Expression of miR-200b could be affected by methylation of promoter of miR-200b and in turn regulate proliferation and invasion of gastric cells in vitro.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations and the prognosis of Chinese sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Methods VHL gene mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct DNA sequencing in 74 paired specimens of sporadic CCRCC and normal kidney. The mutation findings, pathologic fea-tures and prognostic characteristics were analyzed. Results Fifty-one patients (68.9%) were in clinical stage T1, 9 patients (12.2%) were in T2 and 14 patients (18.9%) were in T3. In the aspect of pathological grade, 15 patients (20.3%) were in G1, 50 patients (67.6%) were in G2 and 9 pa-tients (12.2%) were in G3. VHL gene mutations were detected in 40 of 74 cases (54.1%). There were no significant differences of VHL gene mutations in different pathological grade and clinical stage of CCRCC, P=0.915, P=0.237, respectively. All patients were followed up for 34 to 107 months (mean 71 months). Seven patients died of CCRCC. Another 11 patients developed CCRCC related me-tastasis. Five-year tumor-free survival was 78%. The incidence of death or metastasis of CCRCC in VHL gene mutation group (15.0%, 6/40) was significant lower than non-mutation group (35.3%,12/34), P=0.043. Logistic regression results showed that lower tumor pathological grade and stage, better patients' prognosis would be (P=0.016, P=0.024, respectively). However, VHL gene muta-tion was related with better prognosis (P=0.033). This association was stronger among patients with high grade tumors (G3, P=0.048). Conclusions There are frequent VHL gene mutations in spo-radic Chinese CCRCC. Tumors' pathological grade and clinical stage are the important parameters for prognosis. However, VHL mutations are strongly associated with better cancer specific survival for CCRCC patients. These associations are relatively stronger in patients with high grade tumors.