A review of studies on the influence of impurities on protein crystallization is given.The possible sources of impurities and its effect on the protein crystallization are presented.The effects of impurities on protein crystallization,including nucleation,macroscopic morphologies,microscopic surface morphologies,growth rates,kinetics,quality,and repartitioning of impurities are reviewed.

Objective To study the effect of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor B(TrKB) on in vitro invasiveness of malignant transformed hFOB1.19 cells and the role of TrKB in invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma.Methods Expression of TrKB in malignant transformed hFOB1.19 cells and SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells was detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence.Function of TrKB of malignant transformed hFOB1.19 cells was further studied.Malignant transformed hFOB1.19 cells were treated with specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a for 24 h as a treatment group,and untreated malignant transformed hFOB1.19 cells into which DMSO was added served as a control group.Morphology of cells was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope.Cell invasiveness was detected by Transwell assays.Microfilaments of cells were detected by actin immunofluorescence.Results The expression of TrKB was significantly higher in malignant transformed hFOB1.19 cells than in SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells(P

Objective To observe the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on proliferation,activation and TGF? signaling in TGF?1 inducing hepatic stellate cells (HSC),and its anti-fibrosis mechanism.Methods Human HSC LX-2 cell line was treated with BMP-7 at different concentrations (80,40,20 ng/ml) and TGF?1(5 ng/ml).Proliferation of HSC LX-2 cells was detected with cell counting kit-8 (CCK8).Expressions of ?-smooth muscle actin (?-SMA) and collagen Ⅰ,as well as TGF receptors Ⅰ and Ⅱ (TGF?RⅠ,TGF?RⅡ) mRNA,Smad 3,7 mRNAs,were detected by immunocytochemical assay and RT-PCR,respectively.Results No significant difference was found in proliferation of LX-2 cells before and after treatment with TGF?1.BMP-7 used at different concentrations (80,40,20 ng/ml) inhibited the proliferation of LX-2 with an inhibition rate of 28.9%,19.6% and 10.5%,respectively (P

AIM To investigate the protective effect of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (?-OH) against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils and the neuroprotective mechanism of ?-OH. METHODS The occlusion of bilateral carotid arteries of gerbil was used to make the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion models. Different doses of ?-OH were administered intraperitoneally 40 min prior to the onset of ischemia. After 10 min ischemia and 1 h reperfusion, bilateral hippocampus, cortex and striatum were taken out to measure ATPase, SOD and MDA. RESULTS The contents of MDA markedly elevated while Na +,K +-ATPase, Ca 2+ -ATPase and SOD activities decreased in hippocampus, cortex and striatum 1 h after ischemia-reperfusion. ?-OH administered prior to ischemia can partly reverse the elevation of MDA contents and the reduction of SOD activities. ?-OH given after ischemia can still provide partly protective effect. CONCLUSION ?-OH provides significant protective effect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by protecting ATPase and SOD activities, deleting free radicals and reducing the lipid peroxidation.

AIM To investigate the effects of melatonin (MT) on glutathione peroxidase(GPx), superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities and malondialdehyde(MDA) contents in the cerebrum of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion gerbils, so as to explore the protective mechanisms of MT. METHODS Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was made by 10 min occlusion of bilateral carotid arteries of gerbil. MT was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to the onset of ischemia. After 1 h reperfusion, bilateral cortex and striatum were taken out for measurement of GPx, SOD and MDA. RESULTS Ischemia-reperfusion lowered the activities of GPx and SOD in cerebral cortex and striatum. Conversely, it elevated the contents of MDA in both areas. Treatment with MT at 5, 10, or 20 mg?kg -1 partly reversed these effects. CONCLUSION MT provides protective effect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by protecting GPx and SOD activities and reducing the lipid peroxidation.

Objective To study the method and effectiveness of interruption of mother-to-child transmis-sion among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. Methods Clinical information of 110 cases of HIV-infected pregnant women who gave birth in the eighth municipal hospital of Guangzhou from June 2009 to June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Measures such as antiviral treatment , elective caesarean and artificial feeding were taken to interupt mother-to-child transmission , differences in pregnancy outcomes bewteen CD4 t-lymphocyte count > 200/μL and < 200/μL groups were compared , and whether the baby had HIV antibodies after 18 months of age was tested. Results Among 110 cases of HIV-infected pregnant women , 102 cases ac-cepted drugs block, the blocking rate was 92.72%, 106 cases accepted elective caesarean, the block rate was 96.36%, all of the 112 cases of newborns accepted artificial feeding , the block rate was 100%. The cases were divided into two groups according to CD4T lymphoma count: group 1 [ > 200 /μL ( 84 cases ) ] and group 2 [< 200/μL group (26 cases)]. In group 1, the rate of anemia, preterm and postpartum hemorrhage was lower than that of group 2; the rate of low birth weight and FGR was obviously lower than that of group 2. There was statisticsly significantly difference between the two groups. 112 infants were all aged 18 months , among those we regularly followed up 88 cases (78.58%) and no infants were HIV-infected. Conclusion Interruptions of moth-er-to-child transmission of HIV are important measures to control AIDS epidemic among children.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography (QPEEG) can reflect cerebral cortical function, which can be certainly affected by general anesthetics. Anesthesia depth has good correlation with the anesthetic dosage, so if we can find out the areas of brain and band of QPEEG which is relative to the anesthetic dosage, the band may be taken as the index to reflect the depth of anesthesia. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of propofol on the alpha2-band (α2- band) of QPEEG in rabbits. DESIGN: A randomized control animal experiment. SETTING: Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College. MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the animal laboratory of Xuzhou Medical College from October 2004 to August 2005. Thirtysix healthy adult rabbits were randomly divided into propofol 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg groups with 12 rabbits in each, including 6 were used to observe the change of percentage of each band power of QPEEG, and the other 6 were used to observe the latency and duration for the disappearance of righting reflex in the rabbits. METHODS: The experiment was performed between 14:00-17:00 every day. Rabbits in the three groups were treated with intravenous injection of propofol of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively within 30 seconds. ① The conscious rabbits were fixed onto the platform in a prone osition, and the QPEEG was recorded with the method of power spectrum analysis before administration and at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 s and 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after administration respectively. The sampling time for each time point was 5 s. ② The latency and duration for the disappearance of righting reflex in the rabbits were recorded. RESULTS: ll the 36 rabbits were involved in the analysis of esults. ① After the intravenous injection of propofol, the righting reflexes all disappeared within 1 minute. The greater the dosage, the shorter the latency and the longer the duration r=0.79, P ＜ 0.01). ② Compared with before administration, propofol of 2.5 mg/kg had no obvious influence on the percentage of α2-band power (P ＞ 0.05); The percentages of α2-band power in the brain areas were increased after administration in the propofol 5 mg/kg group (P ＜ 0.05); Except that there were no significant differences in the left and right parietal regions between the propofol 10 mg/kg group and the propofol 5 mg/kg group, the percentages of α2-band power in the other brain areas in the propofol 10 mg/kg group were decreased as compared with those before administration and those in the other two groups (P ＜ 0.05), and the changes above were more obvious in the frontal and temporal regions.CONCLUSION: The influence of propofol on the percentage of α2-band power of QPEEG is biphasic, it is suggested that α2-band would be an index to reflect the anesthesia depth of propofol.

Objective:To investigate the clinical significance of the primary tumor size in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC).Methods:A total of 385 patients with EC admitted to Peking University People's Hospital from January 2006 to December 2016 with complete follow up data were selected, whose tumor size data before biopsy were retrospectively studied.Results:(1) The mean diameter of the primary tumor was (3.6±1.8) cm (range: 1-15 cm). And 48 cases were 0-<2 cm, 78 cases were 2-<3 cm, 92 cases were 3-<4 cm, 73 cases were 4-<5 cm, 94 cases were ≥5 cm. The diameter of the tumor was associated with age <60 years old, premenopause, CA 125≥35 kU/L, non-parturition, poor differentiation, stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, depth of myometrial infiltration ≥1/2, cervical interstitial involvement, adnexal metastasis and lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05), but not associated with body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pathology, lymph-vascular space invasion (all P>0.05). (2) Among the 334 patients underwent lymphadenectomy, 45 (13.5%, 45/334) cases with lymph node metastasis were observed. Stratified analysis showed that lymph node metastasis and recurrence rate of patients with EC gradually increased with the increase of tumor size ( P<0.05). Adopting 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm as cut-off values of tumor size, there were significant differences in the rate of lymph node metastasis and recurrence among them observed ( P<0.05), except for lymph node metastasis rate and recurrence rate when the cut-off value was 2 cm ( P>0.05). (3) An receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that a tumor diameter of 4.25 cm was the cut-off prognostic value to predict lymph node metastasis and recurrence of EC. Conclusions:Tumor diameter is significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and recurrence in patients with EC. Tumor size should be considered in determining the scope of surgery and adjuvant therapy.

Objective To explore the feasibility of prediction of subacute infarct lesion volumes by processing ADC maps based on ADC cut-off values in patients with acute stroke.Methods MRI was performed in 20 patients with clinically diagnosed acute infarct less than 6 h after stroke onset.The MRI included a DWI and conventional MRI.The follow-up MR examinations of all the patients were carried out within 4-7 days after admission.The brain tissue, which showed abnormal high intensity both in DWI at the baseline and FLAIR at the reexamination , was regarded as the area of the initial ischemia core.Graphic-penumbra was regarded as the difference between initial DWI and follow-up FLAIR.The ADC values of the ischemia core, graphic-penumbra and the contralateral normal brain tissue , the relative ADC (rADC) were measured.The rADC value of the graphic-penumbra was defined as the ADC cut-off values.GE medical system based on ADC cut-off values was also tested in these patients to obtain ADC maps.The lesion volumes, the abnormal area seen on the DWI , ADC maps and follow-up FLAIR, were also measured.rADC values in different areas were analyzed by paired Student t test.Relationship between baseline DWI , ADC map and follow-up FLAIR was analyzed using Spearman rank-order correlation test , and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the volumes among three groups.Results Absolute ADC and rADC values gradually increased from the core to the periphery of the ischemic lesion.The absolute ADC values statistically differed from those on the contralateral side for both ischemia core and graphic-penumbra.The rADC values were significantly decreased in the ischemia core ( 0.620 ±0.116 ) compared with the graphic-penumbra values (0.809 ±0.097;t =8.083,P <0.01).The lesion volume of follow-up FLAIR [16.3 (4.7, 29.0) cm3 ] correlated highly with both volume predicted with the ADC map [13.5 (4.8, 25.4) cm3] (r=0.967, P<0.01) and baseline DWI volume [11.0 (4.4,30.4) cm3] (r=0.950, P<0.01).There was no difference between the volume of DWI , ADC map and follow-up FLAIR(H=0.168, P>0.05).Conclusions Data shows the high feasibility of prediction of subacute infarct lesion volumes by processing ADC maps based on ADC cut-off values in patients with acute stroke , without intravenous contrast material, and it provides a new method for outcome prediction.