Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, and is caused by complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Diabetes mellitus can lead to various ocular surface disorders, including dry eye, superficial punctuatekeratitis, corneal epithelial defects, and recurrent corneal erosion et al. This review focuses on the domestic and overseas research progress on dry eye in diabetics.

Objective To study the effect of autogeneic platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro.Methods ADSCs were isolated from adipose tissue obtained from donors undergoing liposuction and were cultured,and underwent identification.ADSCs at passage 3 were divided into three groups:test groups were cultured with 1PRFM and 2PRFM,and control group was cultured without PRF membrane.Then the growth of the cells was observed by inverted microscope.MTT method was used to observe cell proliferation activity at days 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 after culture.Adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs was observed and quantified by oil red O staining at days 3,5,7,9,11 and 14.Results Cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation would be increased with the PRFM,There were significant differences among three groups.Conclusions PRF could significantly promote proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs.

Objective To analyze expression of interleukin (IL)-23p19 and IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),and the role in the induction of peripheral blood T cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion.Methods Peripheral blood (PB) and intestinal mueosal biopsies were collected from 12 patients with Crohn's disease (CD),25 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 20 healthy controls.Expression of IL-23p19 was determined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.IL-23R expression in CD4+,CD8+ T and NK cells from peripheral blood and lamina propria was analyzed by flow eytometry.Peripheral blood mononuclear ceils (PBMC) were isolated and cultured under stimulation with IL-23 and anti-CD3,and the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) interferon (IFN)γ and IL-2 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The expression of II.-23p19 was significantly increased in inflamed mucosa of CD at both the transcriptional and translational levels compared with that in UC and healthy controls.IL-23R was mainly expressed in PB- and lamina propria-CD4+,CD8+T cells and NK cells from IBD patients,and markedly increased compared with controls (P＜0.05).IL-23 strongly triggered PBMC from IBD patients to produce significantly higher levels of IFN-γ,TNF-α and IL-2(P＜0.05).Conclusions IL-23p19 and IL-23R are highly expressed in IBD,particularly in CD,and may play an important role in the induction of T cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion,suggesting that targeted therapy directed against IL-23 may have a therapeutic role in IBD.

Objective To detect the expression and activity of AMP-activated protein kinase α subunit (AMPKα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) in liver of high-fat fed rats treated with metformin, and to investigate the mechanisms underlying metformin decreasing the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) contents of the liver. Methods Total 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (group C), high-fat diet fed group (group HF) and high-fat diet feeding plus metformin treatment group (group Met,metformin was administered orally at the last month of high-fat diet feeding). After feeding for 5 months, TC and TG in liver and sera were determined, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels and activity of AMPKα and PPARα in the liver were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The activity of PPARα transcriptor binding to DNA was detected by ELISA. Results Five months of high-fat diet feeding induced a significant decrease in AMPKα and phosphorylated-AMPKα protein expression as well as AMPKα2 and PPARα mRNA levels in the liver of rats (all P＜0.05), while it did not alter PPARα protein expresssion and the PPARα activity binding to DNA as well as AMPKα1 mRNA levels. The TC and TG contents in the liver (P＜0.05) and serum (P＜0.05) were sharply increased in group HF than those in group C. Treatment with metformin for 1 month led to a marked increase of AMPKα2 mRNA level, AMPKα and phosphorylated-AMPKα protein expression as well as the PPARα activity in group Met compared with group HF(all P＜0.05), while the PPARα protein expression and the PPARα mRNA level did not show significant change. Consistent with these findings, the TC and TG contents in rat liver as well as sera were strikingly decreased (all P＜0.05). Conclusion The activations of AMPKα and PPARα induced by metformin may contribute to the decrease of TC and TG content in liver and sera of the high-fat fed rats.

Objective To explore the role of EphB4 in proliferation of glioma cells. Methods The mRNA and protein expressions of EphB4 were detected using RT-PCR, immunochemistry, and Western-blot, respectively. EphB4 siRNA was synthesized and transfected into U251 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were determined by MTT assay, TUNEL and transwell experiment, respectively. Results The expression (P<0.05) and proliferation of EphB4 were obviously decreased in U251 transfected with EphB4 siRNA and the proliferation was further decreased with the increased concetrations of siRNA. Compared with U251 group and siRNASCR group, EphB4 siRNA at different concentrations (25, 50 or 100 nmol/L) significantly reduced the invasion ability of cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells (P<0.05). Conclusions EphB4 plays an important role in the regulation of glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion.

Objective To investigate the different effect among ropivacaine,bupivacaine,lidocaine on analgesia after harvesting grafts from the scalp in burn patients. Methods 84 patients who need harvesting grafts from the scalp after burn were divided in 4 groups random-ly(n=21). Patients in group C hypodermically injected with saline 200 mL were control,while patients in group R injected with 0. 05% ropi-vacaine 200 mL,group B with 0. 188% bupivacaine,and group L with 0. 1% lidocaine. Motor activity assessment scale( MAAS) and visual analogue scale(VAS) were made before anesthesia(T0) and 20 min,5 h,10 h after awake of patients. VAS were made focus on head and body in part. Vital signs were also monitored and recorded for assessment of security. Results All patients in 4 groups had passed the period of operation safely. Patients in group R have better VAS than other groups. Conclusion Low concentration ropivacaine hypodermically injec-tion of head is helpful to relieve the pain after harvesting grafts from the scalp.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) in children with MP pneumonia(MPP).Methods From Jun.2008 to Jan.2009,153 cases hospitalized with pneumonia were enrolled,and 30 cases without respiratory infection were enrolled as control group.Their respiratory secretion (including nasopharyngeal secretion,sputum,bronchialalveolar lavage fluid or pharyngeal swab) samples were collected for fluorescent quantitative PCR for MP.And their single or paired serums were collected for specific MP antibody detection.Results There were 123 cases confirmed with MPP by serology,among whom 114 cases were MP PCR positive.The quantitation of MP DNA was among 1.20?106-3.66?1010 gene copys/L. There were 30 cases with pneumonia negative with MP by the paired serum serology,among whom 2 cases were MP PCR positive,and the quantitation of MP DNA was (1.08-3.02)?107gene copys/L.All cases of control group were MP PCR negative.During the first and second weeks of the MPP onset,the sensitivity of MP-IgM from the first single blood samples were 66.7% and 83.9%,respectively.While the sensitivity and specificity of MP PCR were 92.7% and 93.3%,respectively.From the third week of the disease onset,the sensitivity of MP-IgM from the first single blood samples increased to 90.9%-100%.The clinical manifestations of MPP were nonspecific.Conclusions PCR is superior to serology for early diagnosis on MP infection.Combination of the 2 methods may be helpful to early and accurate diagnosis on MP infection.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and apolipoprotein E4(apoE4) on choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) in hippocampus and to explore possible the synergistic effect of both Aβ and apoE4.

METHODSMale Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group, Aβ group, apoE4 group and Aβ + apoE4 group. Rats in different group received injection of normal saline, Aβ1-40, apoE4 and Aβ1-40 + apoE4, respectively, into bilateral hippocampus CA1 regions under the control of a brain stereotaxic apparatus. The learning-memory ability with the escape latency and the times of passing platform and the expression of ChAT in hippocampus CA1 regions were documented.

RESULTSThe escape latency at fifth day and the times of passing platform and ChAT mRNA PU values were obtained for the control group (10.75 s ± 2.44 s, 4.13 ± 0.64, and 28.90 ± 4.43), apoE4 group (23.88 s ± 4.32 s, 2.38 ± 0.52, and 20.85 ± 3.98), Aβ group (43.50 s ± 9.78 s, 1.38 ± 0.52, and 16.96 ± 2.53), and Aβ + apoE4 group (70.63 s ± 10.04 s, 0.75 ± 0.71, and 13.01 ± 2.21). Through 5 days of training all animals acquired learning-memory ability with the gradually shortened escape latency, although injection of Aβ1-40 and apoE4 all induced learning-memory damage, due to a significantly prolonged the escape latency at fifth day (P < 0.01) and markedly decreased the times of passing platform (P < 0.01) in both Aβ and apoE4 group than in control group. An interaction between Aβ and apoE4 also was observed, with further prolonged escape latency(P < 0.01). ChAT mRNA PU values were significantly lower in the Aβ group and apoE4 group than in the control group (P < 0.01). Aβ and apoE4 demonstrated interaction in lowering ChAT mRNA level(P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSBoth Aβ and apoE4 induce an injury to hippocampal cholinergic system and its learning-memory ability, in which Aβ and apoE4 have a synergistic effect in the initiation of such injury.

Alzheimer Disease ; enzymology ; physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; toxicity ; Animals ; Apolipoprotein E4 ; toxicity ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal ; enzymology ; physiology ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Drug Synergism ; Escape Reaction ; drug effects ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory ; drug effects ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

The purpose of this study is to investigate the enantioselectivity of norgestrel (NG) transdermal permeation and the potential influence of linalool and lipids on the enantioselectivity. In vitro skin permeation studies of NG across the excised rat skins were performed with Valia-Chien diffusion cells, and the permeation samples were analyzed by enantioselective HPLC. The possible enantioselective permeation of NG across intact rat back skin and lipids extracted rat back skin and the influence of linalool were evaluated. The skin permeation rate of dl-NG was two times higher than that of l-NG when donor solutions (EtOH/H2O 2 : 8, v/v) containing l-NG or dl-NG. It may be mainly attributed to the solubility discrepancy between enantiomer and racemate. The enantioselective permeation of dl-NG across intact rat skin was observed when the donor solutions containing dl-linalool. The permeation flux of l-NG was 22% higher than that of d-NG. But interestingly, the enantioselective permeation of dl-NG disappeared under the same experimental condition except that the lipid extracted rat skin was used. Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of stratum corneum showed that the wave number for asymmetric CH2 stretching vibrations of lipids treated with dl-linalool was greater than that of the control. The results indicated that the enantioselective permeation of NG may be contributed by the interaction between dl-linalool and lipids. More than half of lipids were composed of ceramides. The stereospecific interaction maybe existed among chiral enhancer (linalool), lipids (ceramides) and/or chiral drugs (NG).
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Lipids ; pharmacology ; Monoterpenes ; pharmacology ; Norgestrel ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Skin Absorption ; drug effects ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Stereoisomerism

Animals ; Escin ; pharmacology ; Intestines ; blood supply ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; prevention & control