Objective: To optimize the preparation methods of diabetic gastroparesis rat model by orthogonal test. Methods: The diabetes gastroparesis rat model was duplicated with alloxan (ALX) by using four factors and three levels of orthogonal design. The fasting blood glucose, gastric emptying rate, and plasma motilin level were scored as evaluation indexes, and the influence of different factors on diabetic gastroparesis model rats was observed. Results: The effect of feed type on the diabetic gastroparesis rat model was not obvious, but the effects of modeling time and modeling agent ALX dose on diabetic gastroparesis rat model were decisive. The order of the importance was as follows: modeling time > dose of ALX > feed types. Conclusion: The optimized test method can effectively improve the diabetic gastroparesis rat model and provide a technical platform for the study on drug evaluation of diabetic gastroparesis.

Objective To evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of early-stage hepatic artery thrombosis(HAT) after adult liver transplantation.Methods387 consecutive adult patients who underwent liver transplantation from June 2007 to October 2010 by the same surgery team in the Transplant Center,First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were retrospectively studied.Hepatic arterial blood flow was monitored by color Doppler ultrasound (DUS) daily during the first week after transplantation.Ultrasonic contrast or hepatic artery angiography was performed on recipients with suspected HAT.Results10 patients developed HAT on 7(2-18)d after operation.The incidence of HAT was 2.6％ (10/387).Interventional therapy was performed in 2 patients with one patient who received a stent because of hepatic artery stricture.Three patients underwent emergent hepatic artery revascularization combined with intra-arterial urokinase thrombolysis treatment.One developed a rethrombosis and died.The remaining 2 patients received re-transplantation.Three patients died of liver failure and severe infection.The mortality rate was 40％ (10/387).ConclusionsIt is essential to diagnoses HAT by monitoring the artery flow by Doppler ultrasound screening in the early period after operation.Interventional therapy,emergent hepatic artery revascularization and re-transplantation are effective rescue treatments.Prevention of HAT is most important.

BACKGROUND: There are a variety of methods for establishing periprosthetic osteolysis animal model, and the models established by different methods and with different animals have their own characteristics.OBJECTIVE: To review the research profiles of the periprosthetic osteolysis and the characteristics of the various models, and to provide a reference for the related research. METHODS: The relevant articles on the periprosthetic osteolysis animal models were searched in PubMed from January 1999 to May 2017, with the key words of "animal model, osteolysis" in English by the computer. Similarly, Chinese Journal Full-text Database was retrieved for related articles published from January 1999 to May 2017, with the key words of "animal model, osteolysis" in Chinese. Articles that were unrelated to the periprosthetic osteolysis animal model were excluded. Classic and recently published articles were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The artificial induced animal models are the principal means to establish animal models of periprosthetic osteolysis and they have been widely used in the study of periprosthetic osteolysis pathogenesis, pathological process and treatment. (2) Small-animal models present many advantages: inexpensive to purchase, high physiological turnover, controlled source, homogenous and established genetic background. However, a limitation of these small-animal models is that the temporal pattern of osteolysis is different from the long-term osteolysis that occurs in patients. (3) The large animal model is more similar to the bone dissolution process around the human prosthesis, but the cost is high; the breeding is difficult; the operation requirement is hard. Thus, its widespread use is limited. (4) Furthermore, innovative models that combine the advantages of both are also constantly explored. Overall, the selection of models should be based on research conditions and needs to be considered.

Objective To comparative study of the immunomodulatory effects of Hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharides (HPS) etc.four species TCM polysaccharides on immunocompromised mice model made by cyclophosphamide.Methods Low-immunity model mice made by cyclophosphamide 40 mg · kg-1.The KM mice were divided into seven group:normal,model,control,experimental-HPS,experimental-Astragalus polysaccharides (ASPS),experimental-Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPS) and experimental-Angelica polysaccharides (ANPS) groups randomly.The control group was administrated Shenqi particle 5 g · kg-1.The other tested groups were administrated the corresponding test samples 2 g · kg-1.The normal and model group were administrated the same quantity of normal saline.Give the medicine 1 time each day for 15 days.The visceral index was counted by weighted.The peritoneal macrophage phagocytic count by intraperitoneal injection 5％ chicken red blood-cell were meaeured (OD value).The serum hemolysin OD through delayed type hypersensitivity maded by 50％ dinitrochlorobenzene.The reticuloendothelial system phagocytic count were meaeured by caudal vein injection carbon inkl.Results Compared with the normal,the difference of all indexs of model were statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.01).After dosing,the thymus indexs of model,control,experimental-HPS,experimental-ASPS,experimental-CPS and experimental-ANPS groups were 2.55 ± 0.88,1.04 ± 0.74,2.00 ± 0.89,2.21 ±0.95,1.92 ±0.43,1.67 ±0.41.Compared with the model,difference of experimental-HPS,experimental-ASPS and experimental-CPS were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The phagocytic counts of mouse peritoneal macrophages of the six groups were 1.31 ±0.18,0.51 ±0.12,1.12 ±O.13,1.19 ±0.09,0.88 ±0.25,0.72 ±0.07.Compared with the model,difference of four species polysaccharides were all statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the experimental-ANPS,difference of experimental-HPS and experimental-ASPS were statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01).The phagocytic coefficient of reticuloendothelial system phagocytosis of the six groups were 6.60 ± 0.94,0.99 ±0.83,0.32 ± 1.48,7.28 ± 2.13,5.29 ± 1.97,5.93 ± 1.75.Compared with the model,difference of experimental-HPS and experimental-ASPS were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The delayed type hypersensitivity OD of the six groups were 0.53 ± 0.16,0.23 ± 0.09,0.36 ± 0.09,0.38 ± 0.12,0.29 ± 0.10,0.33 ± 0.11.The serum hemolysin OD of the six groups were 0.60 ± 0.12,0.43 ± 0.10,0.53 ± 0.08,0.54 ± 0.11,0.51 ± 0.11,0.52 ± 0.09.Compared with the model,difference of experimental-HPS,experimental-ASPS and experimental-ANPS were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion These four kinds of polysaccharides have the function of enhancing nonspecific immunity function,specific humoral immunity and cellular immune function in mice.HPS and ASPS were more comprehensive and significant for the regulation of immune indexes than CPS and ANPS.

Objective To summarize the experience with salvage liver transplantation for patients with recurrent hetaptocellular carcinoma(HCC)after primary liver resection.Methods From 2004 to 2008,376 patients with HCC received liver transplantation in our single center.Among these patients,36 (9.6 %)underwent salvage liver transplantation after primary liver curative resection due to intrahepatic recurrence.There were 29 males and 7 females with the mean age of 46 years old.Sixteen received right lobectomy,10 received left lobectomy and the others received sectionectomy or segmentectomy.As a control group for comparison,we used clinical data of the 147 patients who underwent primary OLT for HCC within Milan Criteria.Results The mean interval between initial liver resection and salvage transplantation was 34.9±16.2 months(1-63 months).Intraoperative bleeding volume,transfusion volume and operative time in the salvage group were significantly different from those in control group (P<0.05).There were no significant difference in post-operative complications,tumor recurrence rate,survival rate and tumor-free survival between these two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion In comparison with primary OLT,although salvage liver transplantation would increase the operation difficulties,it still remains a good option for patients with HCC recurrence after curative resection.

ObjectiveTo summarize the clinical experience of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) after liver transplantation for patients with diabetes and uremia.MethodsThe clinical data of two patients who received SPK after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed.The two male patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus before liver transplantation,and suffered from endstage uremia due to diabetic nephropathy and immunosuppressant-induced toxicity.Rapid technique for combined abdominal multiple viscera procurement was performed.Kidneys,pancreas,duodenum segment and spleen were procured.Renal allograft was placed in the left iliac fossa,whereas pancreas allograft in the right iliac fossa. The pancreatic allograft exocrine secretion was drained into the proximal jejunum via a side-to-side duodenojujunostomy. Quadruple immunosuppressive regime including IL2 receptor monoclonal antibody induction,tacrolimus (Tac),mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and steroid were used in case 1,and ATG and methylprednisolone were used in case 2.ResultsSPK was successfully applied to these two patients without serious surgical complications such as pancreatitis,graft and pancreatic fistula. The immunosuppressive regimen was based on tacrolimus with ATG induction,MMF and steroids.In the second case,serum creatinine level was decreased to the normal range within 1 week after the operation and then elevated continuously even he received empirical anti rejection treatment,Tac was tampered and rapamycin was used when the renal graft biopsy indicated drug toxicity,and creatinine level was decreased 3 weeks after the operation and recovered to the normal range at 5th week post-transplant. Both of the two patients achieved euglycemia with insulin independence about 10 days after the operation.And now these two patients have been followed up for 36 and 9 months,and the grafts function of the liver,kidney and pancreas was normal. Conclusion Immunologic reaction in patients undergoing simultaneous pancreas and kidneytransplantationafterlivertransplantationseemsmorecomplex, andareasonable immunosuppressive regimen is important to improVe the outcome.

Objective To investigate the methods and techniques for organ procurement from donation after cardiac death (DCD),and to evaluate post-transplant outcomes.Methods In this retrospective study,clinical data of 26 cases of DCD organ procurements were analyzed through either epigastric multivisceral organ harvesting or solitary organ harvesting.Results Twenty livers,44 kidneys and 2 multivisceral grafts were procured,followed by 24 cases of liver transplantation,42 cases of kidney transplantation,and 2 cases of multivisceral transplantation.The operations were successful and all transplanted organs were satisfactorily recovered with no primary nonfunction or other complications observed.Conclusion Our methods and techniques for organ procurement from DCD donors require experienced surgery skills,while can maximatily shorten donor organ ischemic time,guarantee procurement of high quality of organs and ensure a favourable transplant outcomes.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of the upper abdomen organ transplantation in the treatment of end stage liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods The clinical data of 7 cases receiving liver-duodeno-pancreatic organ cluster transplantation in patients with end-stage liver disease and T2DM were retrospectively analyzed.The pancreas and the whole digestive tract of the recipients were reserved during operation,simple liver excision was executed,and abdominal multiple organs including pancreas,duodenum and part of jejunum were transplanted.The liver and kidney functions,blood glucose,C peptide,infection,rejection,vascular complications,biliary complications and other indicators were monitored postoperatively.Results No insulin was used in all the patients 1-7 days after operations,the blood glucose levels returned to almost normal, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin became normal after 1 week,and C peptide levels reached the normal range in 1 to 2 weeks.Among 7 patients,one died of graft-versus-host disease 1 month after operation,one got acute renal failure,one suffered from pulmonary infection, one had pancreatic leakage but recovered after unobstructed drainage,and no obvious complications were observed in the remaining patients.So far 6 live recipients were followed up for 1-39 months,the functions of the liver and pancreatic grafts were normal without hepatitis B and tumor recurrence, and the quality of life in the patients was satisfactory.Conclusion Liver-duodeno-pancreatic organ cluster transplantation is technically feasible and an effective method for the treatment of end-stage liver disease with T2DM.

Objective To explore the causes and management of intra-abdominal hemorrhage after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods Clinical data of 638 OLT patients were analyzed retrospectively from January 2004 to December 2008 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University. The diagnosis and treatment of postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage after OLT were reviewed. Results Among the 638 patients, 53 suffered from posttransplant intra-abdominal hemorrhage,the morbidity was 8. 3% (53/638). Thirty-one cases suffering from bleeding on raw surfaces or around the liver due to impairment of coagulation function were treated by non-surgery methods, 22 cases who suffered from active postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage due to surgical factors underwent laparotomy and bleeding control operation after failure of anti-shock treatments such as hemostatic drugs, blood reperfusion.Among the 53 patients who suffered from intra-abdominal hemorrhage, 12 patients died, and the main causes were serious infections and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The mortality associated with intraabdominal hemorrhage was 22. 6%. Conclusions Intra-abdominal hemorrhage at different locations were found after OLT, and the fatal rate is quite high. Timely and appropriate treatments especially laparotomy may improve the prosnosis of these patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate a reasonable perioperative nutrition support therapy for combined ‘en bloc’ liver/pancreas transplants (CLPT).MethodThe clinical data of 10 patients,5 with gastrointestinal malignancy and liver metastasis and the other 5 with end-stage liver cirrhosis complicated with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM),who had undergone CLPT in our center from May 2004 to September 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.All these patients received preioperative nutrition support,including normal food combined with nutrient solution before surgery,and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to parenteral nutrition (PN) +enteral nutrition ( EN ) and to EN after surgery.The intestinal absorption,nutritional status,laboratory test results,and complications were recorded.ResultsAll recipients experienced a smooth recovery from the procedure,with normal or almost normal liver,pancreas,and duodenum graft functions.Three patients suffered from intestinal fistula,and all of them received TPN therapy; two patients died of multiple organ failure and one recovered from the complication.The remaining seven patients had smooth transition from TPN to EN.Of the 5 patients with malignancies,three died of multiple organ failure and 2 died of cancer recurrence.Of the 5 patients with liver cirrhosis and T2DM,four patients survived and 1 patient died of graft-verse-host disease.ConclusionRational perioperative nutrition support is important for the successful recovery after CLPT.